马铃薯薄片干燥过程形态变化三维成像

为研究马铃薯薄片在干燥过程中形态变化规律,该文利用Kinect传感器搭建了图像采集平台,研究其在不同干燥温度下(50、60、70、80℃)的形态变化规律。通过图像采集平台获取马铃薯薄片深度图像和彩色图像,利用彩色图像确定感兴趣区域,对对应区域的深度图像进行灰度值拉伸、阈值分割、边缘去噪处理,进而提取特征,计算出正投影面积的收缩率、深度均值及标准差,以表征马铃薯干燥过程中表面卷曲及平整度等形态指标的变化规律。对不同干燥时间点马铃薯片进行三维图形显示可观察其变化规律明显。统计结果表明:低温(50、60℃)与高温(70、80℃)对马铃薯薄片干燥时的收缩率、卷曲程度具有显著影响(P0.05)。50℃时收缩率为54.97%,80℃时收缩率升高为64.55%;干燥温度与马铃薯片卷曲程度呈先升后降的关系,60℃时卷曲度最大,其深度均值为27.81 mm,80℃时降低到18.86 mm。而四组温度下,马铃薯薄片的平整度具有显著性差异(P0.05),50℃时马铃薯片深度值的标准差为7.99 mm,80℃时降低至5.71mm,说明平整度随着干燥温度升高而增加。该研究可为马铃薯薄片干燥过程中形态变化的检测提供参考,同时为干燥工艺的智能化控制提供技术依据。     

利用机器视觉与近红外光谱技术的皮蛋无损检测与分级

为了对优质蛋、次品蛋和劣质蛋这3种皮蛋进行检测及分级,该文应用机器视觉结合近红外光谱技术,研究利用皮蛋凝胶品质无损检测的分级方法。首先采集皮蛋透射光图像,提取18个图像颜色特征值,然后将所提取的18维特征利用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)进行降维,对PCA降维后的3个主成分建立遗传算法优化支持向量机(genetic algorithm-support vector machine,GA-SVM)分级模型,把皮蛋样本分为两大类:可食用蛋(优质蛋与次品蛋)与不可食用蛋(劣质蛋),劣质蛋测试集识别率为100%。然后在机器视觉分类结果的基础上,利用近红外光谱技术获取可食用蛋(优质蛋与次品蛋)的原始光谱,并进行多元散射矫正(multiplicative scatter correction,MSC),利用竞争性自适应重加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)降维提取特征波长,基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)对特征波长变量建立分级模型,区分出优质蛋与次品蛋,优质蛋测试集识别率为96.49%,次品蛋识别率为94.12%。研究结果表明:基于机器视觉和近红外光谱进行皮蛋凝胶品质无损检测分级是可行的。     

加快农业科技创新赋能农业高质量发展

科技创新是高质量发展的重要引擎.文章分析了我国现代农业发展现状和存在的问题,梳理了现代农业发展对农业科技创新的新要求,即保障粮食安全、推动农业高质量发展、增强农业产业竞争力等,并从强化关键核心技术攻关、构建农业产业全链条技术支撑体系、加快农业科技成果转化应用、改善科技创新生态等方面,提出了科技创新引领和支撑农业高质量发...     

基于Logit模型下农民加入专业合作社的意愿分析

以河南省为例,利用二元因变量模型对农民参与专业合作社的预期影响因素进行分析.研究表明,文化程度较高的农民或具有干部身份的农民更倾向于参与专业合作社.     

果胶酶在制备澄清型香蕉汁中的工艺研究

澄清型香蕉汁的制备中,果胶酶应用的工艺条件对产品的品质有很大影响。分别考察了果胶酶的添加量、温度、反应时间等因素对香蕉汁澄清度的影响,并通过正交试验发现,反应温度55℃,反应时间为150 min,果胶酶质量浓度为0.09 g/L,果汁的透光率最大为76.74%。     

辣椒疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsici)实时荧光定量检测方法的研究

为建立快速准确的检测土壤中辣椒疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsici Leonian)的实时荧光定量体系的方法,根据辣椒疫霉菌保守的ITS序列设计的特异性荧光实时定量PCR的引物,通过对保守序列构建克隆文库,筛选阳性克隆子,制备用于实时荧光定量体系的标准品,从而构建优良的标准曲线。利用构建的标准曲线和优化的实时荧光定量体系对人工接种含梯度浓度的辣椒疫霉菌的土壤样品进行实时荧光定量PCR检测。辣椒疫霉菌荧光实时定量PCR检测体系的标准曲线的相关系数为R2=0.980,斜率为-3.295,扩增效率为101.1%,线性方程为Y=-3.295X+44.484,标准品的检测下限为1.000×102拷贝,带菌土壤的检测下限为1.236×103拷贝,约为4.887pg基因组DNA。经过土壤样品试验,得出标准曲线相关系数为0.9845,表明所建立的辣椒疫霉菌实时荧光定量PCR检测方法合理有效。     

光叶紫花苕子不同翻压期对烤烟生长发育的影响

为了合理利用绿肥轮作改良烟田土壤、提高烤烟产质,在湖北恩施烟区采用田间试验研究了烤烟复种光叶紫花苕子作绿肥时不同翻压期对烤烟生长、产量和品质的影响。连续2年的定位试验表明,在减少化肥施用量15%、翻压绿肥15000 kg/hm2情况下,于烤烟移栽前15~25天翻压绿肥效果较好,烤烟株高、最大叶面积等农艺性状,根、茎、叶及整株干物质量,烟叶产量和产值接近于或高于常规施肥措施,但是移栽前35天翻压等量光叶紫花苕子作绿肥,烤烟生长明显较差,产量和产值显著降低。减少化肥用量15%基础上不同时期翻压绿肥,有利于烤烟上部叶发育,使其单叶重量增加4.5%~18.5%,还可使中上等烟比例提高2.7~8.6个百分点。     

低磷胁迫对草莓幼苗根系生长和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响

为探讨低磷胁迫对不同品种草莓幼苗的根系生长和酸性磷酸酶活性(APA)的影响,试验选取4个草莓品种（‘红颜’、‘章姬’、‘甜查理’、‘童子一号’）,采用水培的方法,设正常磷处理(KH2PO4 1×10-3 mol/L)、低磷处理(KH2PO4 1×10-6 mol/L)2个处理,分别于处理后0、7、14、21、28、35 天,取样对其根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性进行测定分析,并于处理后35天,测定其根鲜重、主根长、侧根数。结果表明,草莓幼苗受低磷胁迫后,其主根长度受到了抑制,而同期测定的侧根数、根鲜重、根冠比则显著增加。根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性在低磷处理早期就有显著提高,且随着低磷胁迫的延续,其活性持续升高;各项形态、生理指标显示,供试4种草莓品种中,‘甜查理’相对于其他供试草莓品种对低磷胁迫环境适应性较好,说明可以通过选择、改良草莓的根系特性来提高草莓的磷效率。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌GB58对水稻纹枯病的防效及菌剂载体筛选

旨在对解淀粉芽孢杆菌GB58在水稻纹枯病上的盆栽防治效果和最佳菌剂载体进行研究,明确其应用前景。采用盆栽试验测定GB58对水稻纹枯病的病斑高率和在水稻上的定殖能力,测定GB58在菌剂固定载体的吸附能力和吸附稳定性。盆栽试验结果表明,GB58在水稻病株上有良好的定殖效果,定殖数最大达到2.22×10⁷ cfu/g。与喷施井冈霉素处理相比,GB58对水稻纹枯病的防效在病害发生后20、40天分别显著提高了20%、24%。GB58在固体菌剂吸附载体的研究表明：结合菌体吸附量、存活率和抑菌活性进行分析,有机载体吸附效果好于无机载体;同时综合考虑应用价值,选择玉米粉、有机肥为菌剂吸附载体较好。GB58对水稻纹枯病具有较好的生防效果。采用玉米粉和有机肥作为固体菌剂吸附载体,具有经济、高效的特点,有较大的应用价值与开发潜力。