Genetic parameters for growth‐related traits and survival with age in the Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus

Genetic parameters were estimated for growth‐related traits and survival of the Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus based on 66 families, including 30 paternal half‐sib families, which were obtained using artificial insemination of two females by each male. The variance components for growth‐related trait and survival were estimated using a single‐trait animal model and a sir‐dam model, respectively, and genetic parameters were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method. The coefficients of variation for growth‐related traits such as body length (BL), abdominal length (AL), and body weight (BW) were 9.36%–22.44%, 10.61%–21.92%, and 26.47%–58.33%, respectively, at different ages (45, 75, 105, 135, and 165 days). The corresponding heritability estimates for each growth trait were 0.1545–0.1951, 0.1672–0.1905, and 0.1596–0.1934, respectively, all of which were found to be at moderate levels and increased with age. The heritability of survival on day 165 was low (0.003). The genetic correlations among growth traits were positive and high (0.7316–0.9896) at the different ages, suggesting that selection to improve any single growth trait will cause positive responses in other growth traits examined in M. japonicus. The genetic correlations between growth traits and survival were also positive but low (0.005–0.087), which indicated that only selecting for growth traits may not cause a positive correlated response in the survival of the core population. According to the above results, we suggested that growth and survival traits should be taken as improving targets of breeding in M. japonicus. These results provided reference data for selective breeding and multitrait selection of M. japonicus.     

水产养殖面源污染控制的最佳管理实践

随着水产养殖规模和产量的不断攀升,水产养殖造成的环境污染问题逐渐引起世界范围内的广泛关注。水产养殖污染是农业面源污染的重要组成部分,通过各种措施进行高效治理和保护,将极大地有利于养殖业的健康和可持续发展。美国在水产养殖面源污染控制方面走在世界前列,具有较多经验可供借鉴。文章对美国水产养殖中应用最佳管理实践（BMP）的概念、内涵和研究应用情况作了简要介绍;对BMP中在工程上和非工程上的2种管理方法进行了深入分析,特别针对工程上和非工程上的关键问题进行了阐述,并提出中国水产养殖生产中应用BMP的重要性。     

Preliminary study to evaluate the effects of dietary bile acids on growth performance and lipid metabolism of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed plant ingredient‐based diets

A 9‐week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bile acids (BAs) on juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) (Oreochromis niloticus) based on the evaluations of growth performance and parameters relevant to lipid metabolism. Each of five vegetable protein‐based diets containing BAs at a level of 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.45 or 1.35 g/kg diet was fed to three replicates with 40 fish (8.2 g per fish). The results showed that weight gain (WG) increased significantly with the increase in BAs from 0 to 0.15 g/kg diet and then decreased significantly at a higher BA supplementation. Dietary BAs significantly reduced the crude lipid content in the whole body, muscle and liver tissue of GIFT. Fish fed diet with 1.35 g BAs/kg diet developed serious nuclear migration and vacuolization in hepatocytes. Gall bladder appeared to contain white solid and has fragile capsules. Dietary BA supplementation had significant effects on serum biochemical indices and activities of lipid metabolism enzymes in liver and intestine. In conclusion, dietary bile acid supplementation (0.15 g/kg) can facilitate the lipid metabolism and therefore promote the growth of tilapia. However, overdosed dietary BAs induced gallstone development, disrupted lipid metabolism and depressed the growth performances of GIFT.     

中草药联用对罗非鱼无乳链球菌作用的研究

本文利用BIOLOG自动微生物鉴定系统对所分离保存的罗非鱼致病菌株进行生化鉴定,确定为无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae),进而测定虎杖、五倍子、地榆、黄连、大黄、白头翁、黄芩等14种中草药单用及联用复方对该致病菌株的抑菌效果。结果表明,从14种中草药中筛选出6种中草药(中草药A、中草药B、中草药C、中草药D、中草药E、中草药F)对无乳链球菌有良好的抑制作用;随后考察此6种中草药组合成双联用、三联用及四联用复方的抑菌效果,其中双联用中的2种复方具有显著协同作用,4种复方具有协同作用;三联用中的8种复方具有显著协同作用,3种复方具有协同作用;四连用中的1种复方具有显著协同作用,1种复方具有协同作用。     

东太平洋茎柔鱼的耳石微结构

根据采集于东太平洋哥斯达黎加、秘鲁和智利外海的茎柔鱼耳石样本,分析了其生长纹、标记轮和其他异常结构。结果显示,耳石生长纹由明暗相间的环纹组成,按照生长纹宽度的不同可分为后核心区、暗区和外围区3个明显的生长区。通过对后核心区和暗区生长纹的计数显示,哥斯达黎加、秘鲁和智利外海3个海区的茎柔鱼仔鱼的年龄分别约为26、32和33日龄,稚鱼的年龄分别约为86、84和88日龄。茎柔鱼的耳石微结构中存在7类标记轮,它们的形成与茎柔鱼自身的内源节律(孵化、交配、产卵等)和外部环境压力(温度骤变、捕食者攻击等)等因素有关。研究还在个别茎柔鱼的耳石中发现一些不规则的异常结构(副核心、附生长纹、附中心)和生长纹方向颠倒的现象,推断它们的形成可能是由于外力作用使得耳石被破坏或耳石脱离原先的位置所造成的。     

脱二氧化碳装置对循环水养殖系统pH的影响

为了调节循环水系统中养殖水体的pH,根据气体交换原理,设计一种脱二氧化碳(CO_2)装置。采用该装置去除养殖水体中的CO_2,并对由于CO_2含量累积造成的pH下降进行调节,使养殖鱼类处在一个适宜的pH环境中。试验时水温控制在(25±0.5)℃,每1 h取水样测1次pH,每4 h测1次碱度。水样取自养鱼桶内的水,检测前先对水样用40μm孔径针头过滤器进行过滤处理,实验周期24 h。结果显示,循环水系统加装脱二氧化碳装置能有效去除CO_2,使水体稳定在一个适宜的pH范围(7.39~7.42);CO_2质量浓度呈降低趋势,24 h后由开始的13.16 mg/L降低到7~8 mg/L,降低近50%,而不加装脱二氧化碳装置的循环水系统CO_2质量浓度持续上升,24 h后增加到37 mg/L左右,pH持续降低,最终降低到6.72~6.81。研究表明,脱二氧化碳装置能够有效去除水体中的CO_2,使水体pH维持在一个适宜鱼类生长的范围。     

南美白对虾大棚六茬养殖试验

南美白对虾是重要的养殖虾类,目前国内养殖模式比较多是单茬养殖,主要是因为受到区域性气候的限制,所以养殖茬数较少。为了充分发挥南美白对虾养殖的优势,探索南美白对虾健康高效养殖模式,进一步提高单位产量,提高养殖设施的利用率和经济效益,我们在两茬养殖的基础上,采用三级池暂养的方法,进行了南美白对虾六茬养殖试验。     

苏北浅滩生态监控区大型底栖生物分布特征

首次报道了江苏省苏北浅滩生态监控区邻近海域大型底栖生物的种类组成以及数量分布规律,调查结果表明,苏北浅滩生态监控区共鉴定出大型底栖生物105种,其中软体动物、甲壳动物和鱼类是构成该区域大型底栖生物的主要类群,三者约占总种数的93.33%.底栖生物年平均生物量为0.3285 g·m -2,夏季高于春季;平均栖息密度0.5460 ind·m -2,也是夏季高于春季,生物量和栖息密度组成均以软体动物和甲壳动物占优势,北部海域生物量高于南部海域.按照生态特征调查海域的底栖生物可以分为5个群落,各群落有自己的优势种.     

大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓主要渔获种类及其分布

根据收集的有关文献和海上调查资料，分析了大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓生产的主要渔获品种的生物学特性、捕捞生产情况及管理措施等。此外，还根据FAO建立的金枪鱼生产数据库，采用GIS软件制作了大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓主要渔获种类捕捞产量的地理空间分布图。并分析了其资源的空间分布特征。     

Nitrate removal efficiency and bacterial community of polycaprolactone-packed bioreactors treating water from a recirculating aquaculture system

A denitrification reactor packed with polycaprolactone (PCL) as a carbon source and biofilm carrier was developed to remove nitrate nitrogen (\( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} \)) from the water of a recirculating aquaculture system for 115 days. The hydraulic retention time was set to 6 h, and the water flow rate was 0.95 L h^?1. The removal rates of \( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} \) ranged from 34.67 to 155.7 g \( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} \) m^?3 day^?1 when the effluent \( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} \) concentrations ranged between 1.62 and 72.25 mg L^?1. No obvious changes in the Fourier transform infrared spectra of the PCL before and after use were observed. Bacterial community structure in the biofilm of the PCL granules was analyzed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were predominant in the biofilm, with relative abundances of 63.9 and 27.4%, respectively. Three genera, Acidovorax, Azospira, and Diaphorobacter, were capable of both denitrification and PCL degradation. This study indicates that PCL-packed reactors may be used and optimized for removing nitrate from aquaculture effluents.