节理化岩石高陡边坡滑坡分析与治理技术研究

针对广东省省道K223线梅州—丙村一级公路路堑节理化岩石高陡边坡的变形破坏问题,进行了深入的调查研究与分析评价,详细分析了该边坡的变形破坏机理并进行了潜在滑面的稳定性计算,据此提出了削坡、格梁锚杆(锚索)、浆砌块石护坡、三维网植草及排水等综合治理措施,治理效果良好。     

Precipitation of cheddar cheese whey lipids by electrochemical acidification

Lipid separation from cheddar cheese whey allows a better valorization of protein fractions. In this study, bipolar membrane electroacidification (BMEA) was used to obtain precipitates with a high level of lipids. Whey samples with normal and low (by way of electrodialysis) mineral salt levels have been treated by a BMEA process and centrifuged. The composition of flocs and precipitation yields were determined. The BMEA process increased lipid precipitation rates by almost 50% in comparison with a centrifugation step only whereas a demineralization step prior to electroacidification had a limited effect on the precipitation level. Precipitates obtained were mainly composed of lipids (probably phospholipids) but also contained proteins. BMEA of cheddar cheese whey would allow the production of a lipid-enriched fraction and of a protein-enriched whey.     

模糊物元模型在新疆农业水资源可持续利用评价中的应用

在模糊物元分析的基础上,结合欧氏贴近度的概念,提出了基于欧氏贴近度的模糊物元分析方法。在对区域水资源可持续利用进行综合评价时,把各地区各开发利用阶段作为物元的事物,以它们的各项评价指标及其相应的模糊量值构造复合模糊物元,通过计算与标准模糊物元之间的欧氏贴近度,并采用层次分析法计算各评价指标的权重,实现对各地区水资源可持续利用的综合评价与排序。该模型被应用到新疆农业水资源可持续综合评价中,取得了较好的效果,对新疆水资源的开发具有重要的指导意义。     

果实采前套袋对龙眼果实品质和耐贮性的影响

以福建省主栽龙眼品种“福眼”果实为材料，研究果实采前套袋对龙眼果实品质和采后耐贮性的影响。结果表明：果实采前套袋可明显改善龙眼果实的外观品质；但降低了果肉可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C和总糖等营养物质含量，导致龙眼果实甜度下降、风味变淡。果实采前套袋降低了与龙眼果皮褐变密切相关的酚类物质(包括花色素苷、类黄酮和总酚)含量和多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶的活性，减少了龙眼果实在贮藏期间果皮褐变的发生；同时，果实采前套袋明显减轻由采前病原菌潜伏侵染所致的采后龙眼果实病害，提高果实耐贮性，延长果实贮藏期。     

沙漠地区地中膜栽培实用技术研究

应用地中膜农业技术在吐鲁番沙地进行了蔬菜、小麦、棉花及瓜类作物种植试验 ,结果表明 ,蔬菜平均增产 64.9% ,小麦增产 65 .0 % ,瓜类增产 79.0 % ,各类作物每季平均节水分别为 10 6.2 % ,5 6 .3% ,162 .1%。正确使用地中膜农业技术可以增产、节水、节肥 ,地中膜技术是一项经济易行的沙漠改良技术     

硫胁迫对油菜超微结构及超细胞水平硫分布的影响

利用温室砂培盆栽试验,结合油菜缺硫症状的形态表现特征,进行了硫胁迫条件下油菜营养与生殖器官超微结构及超细胞水平硫素分布的电子探针分析。结果表明,硫胁迫导致油菜叶片皱缩,叶脉聚集、扭曲、隆起,气孔张开、变形,叶肉细胞叶绿体基粒片层松弛、肿胀,淀粉积累;花瓣细胞质发育不良,细胞内含物颗粒呈聚集状;柱头细胞器排列不规则,质膜呈断续状,细胞壁松弛、增厚;花粉粒发育不全,形状不规则,多呈扁瘪、畸形,纹饰不整齐,条脊不规则,穿孔大小不均,花粉壁发育不完善,淀粉粒出现积累并呈复合状。缺硫还显著降低油菜超细胞水平的硫素分布,尤其对叶绿体、生物膜及线粒体等的影响更严重。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi optimize the acquisition and translocation of Cd and P by cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis sativus</Emphasis> L.) plant cultivated on a Cd-contaminated soil

Purpose

Fruiting vegetables are generally considered to be safer than other vegetables for planting on cadmium (Cd)-contaminated farms. However, the risk of transferring Cd that has accumulated in the stems and leaves of fruiting vegetables is a major issue encountered with the usage of such non-edible parts. The objective of this study was to resolve the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to the production of low-Cd fruiting vegetables (focusing on the non-edible parts) on Cd-contaminated fields.

Materials and methods

An 8-week pot experiment was conducted to investigate the acquisition and translocation of Cd by cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants on an unsterilized Cd-contaminated (1.6 mg kg^?1) soil in response to inoculation with the AM fungus, Funneliformis caledonium (Fc) or Glomus versiforme (Gv). Mycorrhizal colonization rates of cucumber roots were assessed. Dry biomass and Cd and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the cucumber shoots and roots were all measured. Soil pH, EC, total Cd, phytoavailable (DTPA-extractable) Cd, available P, and acid phosphatase activity were also tested.

Results and discussion

Both Fc and Gv significantly increased (P?<?0.05) root mycorrhizal colonization rates and P acquisition efficiencies, and thus the total P acquisition and biomass of cucumber plants, whereas only Fc significantly increased (P?<?0.05) soil acid phosphatase activity and the available P concentration. Both Fc and Gv significantly increased (P?<?0.05) root to shoot P translocation factors, inducing significantly higher (P?<?0.05) shoot P concentrations and shoot/root biomass ratios. In contrast, both Fc and Gv significantly decreased (P?<?0.05) root and shoot Cd concentrations, resulting in significantly increased (P?<?0.05) P/Cd concentration ratios, whereas only Gv significantly decreased (P?<?0.05) the root Cd acquisition efficiency and increased (P?<?0.05) the root to shoot Cd translocation factor. Additionally, AM fungi also tended to decrease soil total and phytoavailable Cd concentrations by elevating plant total Cd acquisition and soil pH, respectively.

Conclusions

Inoculation with AM fungi increased the P acquisition and biomass of cucumber plants, but decreased plant Cd concentrations by reducing the root Cd acquisition efficiency, and resulted in a tendency toward decreases in soil phytoavailable and total Cd concentrations via increases in soil pH and total Cd acquisition by cucumber plants, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential application of AM fungi for the production of fruiting vegetables with non-edible parts that contain low Cd levels on Cd-contaminated soils.

     

喀斯特坡地侵蚀性降雨阈值初探

喀斯特坡地表层岩溶带发育,入渗强烈,产流机制与非喀斯特坡地有较大差异,为提高喀斯特坡地土壤流失模型预测准确性,以贵州省普定县陈旗小流域6个不同土地利用类型径流小区为观测对象,分析2007—2010年、2015—2019年2期泥沙和地表径流数据,了解产流产沙规律,并利用降雨侵蚀力偏差法计算各小区侵蚀性降雨量。结果表明：(1)植被覆盖率与喀斯特坡地地表产流产沙量呈负相关,高植被覆盖下,暴雨和极端暴雨是造成喀斯特坡地水土流失的主要降雨事件;(2)植被恢复十余年随着覆盖度的提高,年均土壤流失量呈显著下降趋势,多小于10 t/km²;(3)喀斯特坡地裂隙发育,地下漏失严重,土壤量少且不易被侵蚀,除少数极端暴雨外,多数降雨不产流不产沙,因此建议将喀斯特坡地侵蚀性降雨量阈值定为50 mm,该阈值显著高于非喀斯特地区。     

聚磷酸盐与水溶性磷酸二铵不同比例掺混施用对滴灌棉花产量形成和经济效应的影响

探究聚磷酸盐与常规水溶磷肥在滴灌棉田中最佳的掺混方式,以期达到磷肥施用兼顾经济和高效利用的 目的。在等磷施用量下(P2O5 120 kg/hm²),将聚磷酸铵 1(APP1)、聚磷酸铵 2(APP2)和三聚磷酸钾(KTPP) 按照含 P2O5 占总磷用量的 10%、30% 和 50% 与水溶性磷酸二铵掺混,形成 9 种不同种类的聚磷酸掺混磷肥,依 次表示为 APP1-10、APP2-10、KTPP-10、APP1-30、APP2-30、KTPP-30、APP1-50、APP2-50 和 KTPP-50。同 时设置不掺混聚磷酸盐的常规水溶磷肥(DAP)和不施磷肥(P0)为对照。于滴灌棉花盛花期和盛铃期分别测定 土壤深度 0 ～ 20 和 20 ～ 40 cm 土壤有效磷含量、棉花植株生物量和磷吸收量。同时监测棉花结铃动态,成熟期 测定产量及产量构成。0 ～ 20 cm 土壤有效磷含量、棉花地上部生物量、磷吸收量、棉花单株结铃数、籽棉产量、 伏前桃数、磷肥农学利用率和产投比均随聚磷酸盐掺混比例的增加表现出增加趋势。3 种不同聚磷酸盐在增加土 壤有效磷含量、棉花地上部生物量、磷吸收量、棉花单株结铃数、籽棉产量、伏前桃数、磷肥农学利用率和产投 比上总体表现为 APP2 最优,其次是 KTPP,最后为 APP1。在棉花盛花期和盛铃期,APP2-50 处理 0 ～ 20 cm 土 壤有效磷含量和棉花磷吸收量均显著高于 DAP 和其他施磷处理,20 ～ 40 cm 土壤有效磷在所有施肥处理间无显 著性差异。盛花期 APP2-50 处理棉花生物量与 DAP 无显著差异,但在盛铃期 APP2-50 棉花生物量显著高于 DAP 和其他施磷处理。所有聚磷酸掺混磷肥处理棉花结铃数均显著高于 DAP,但棉花单铃重在各施磷处理间无差异。 APP2-50 处理籽棉产量、磷肥农学利用率和产投比最高。与 DAP 相比,APP2-50 处理籽棉产量、磷肥农学利用率 和产投比分别增加了 10.7%、88.3% 和 7.6%。以上结果表明,将 APP2 按照含 P2O5 占总磷用量的 50% 与水溶性磷 酸二铵掺混施用,可以提高滴灌棉田土壤有效磷含量,且对棉花产量和产投比增加有积极作用,是一种兼顾磷肥 高效和经济施用的施肥选择。     

地表粗糙度对黄土坡面产流机制的影响

为探明地表粗糙度对坡面产流机制的影响,该研究通过室内与室外径流小区模拟降雨试验相结合,分析在3种雨强(60、90、120 mm/h)下粗糙坡面与平整坡面(坡度5°、10°、15°、20°)产流点位空间分布和坡面产流时间特征,阐明地表粗糙度对坡面产流机制的影响。结果表明:粗糙坡面与平整坡面产流点位沿径流方向的变异系数分别为34.4%~52.9%、15.5%~31.1%,即粗糙坡面产流点位较平整坡面更为分散。相较于平整坡面,地表粗糙度具有推迟坡面产流效应,且推迟效应随坡度、雨强增大而逐渐减弱。表明地表粗糙度在小坡度、小雨强条件下具有较强延迟坡面产流能力。地表粗糙度影响坡面产流一方面通过地表填洼的直接作用;另一方面通过增加降水入渗水头,增强坡面入渗能力的间接作用。通过坡面地表填洼量预测的初始产流时间与实测坡面产流时间比值范围为2.2%~36.2%,表明地表粗糙度间接作用为延迟坡面产流的主导作用。因此,该研究结果阐明了粗糙坡面的点状产流与坡面产流特征,进一步为粗糙坡面产流机制的揭示及地表粗糙度对坡面土壤侵蚀机理的影响提供了科学依据。