浅谈森林采伐对土壤呼吸的影响

阐述了森林生态系统土壤呼吸的概念及研究意义,探讨了影响森林土壤呼吸的因子,并着重论述了森林采伐对土壤呼吸的影响,同时指出确定土壤呼吸对森林生态系统不同经营方式的反馈作用,对选取适当的森林经营措施具有重要的指导意义。     

Evolution of soil microbial biomass in restoration process of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in an eroded environment

Vegetation recovery is a key measure to improve ecosystems in the Loess Plateau in China. To understand the evolution of soil microorganisms in forest plantations in the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, the soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and physical and chemical properties of the soil of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations were studied. In this study, eight forest soils of different age classes were used to study the evolution of soil microbial biomass, while a farmland and a native forest community of Platycladus orientalis L. were chosen as controls. By measuring soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient, and physical and chemical properties, it can be concluded that soil quality was improved steadily after planting. Soil microbial biomass of C, N and P (SMBC, SMBN and SMBP) increased significantly after 10 to 15 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery. A relatively stable state of soil microbial biomass was maintained in near-mature or mature plantations. There was an increase of soil microbial biomass appearing at the end of the mature stage. After 50 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery, compared with those in farmland, the soil microbial biomass of C, N and P increased by 213%, 201% and 83% respectively, but only accounting for 51%, 55% and 61% of the increase in P. orientalis forest. Microbial soil respiration was enhanced in the early stages, and then weakened in the later stage after restoration, which was different from the change of soil organic carbon. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was significantly higher in the soils of the P. orientalis forest than that in farmland at the early restoration stage and then decreased rapidly. After 25 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery, qCO₂ in soils of the R. pseudoacacia forest was lower than that in the farmland soil, and reached a minimum after 50 years, which was close to that of the P. orientalis forest. A significant relationship was found among soil microbial biomass, qCO₂ and physical and chemical properties and restoration duration. Therefore, we conclude that it is possible to artificially improve the ecological environment and soil quality in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau; a long time, even more than 100 years, is needed to reach the climax of the present natural forest. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(3): 909–917 [译自: 生态学报]     

Age structure of Tilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain

IntroductionAgestructureoftrees,whichreflcctsrcge11eratio11processandvelocity,meansquantityoftreesdividingbyage.Broad-leavedKoreanpineforestwastl1etypicalzol1alvegetationofChangbaiMountaininNortheastO1ina,anditwastheprimarygymnospermconununitysurvivedaftertheQuatemaryGlacierPeriod.Alotofcommunityinf`)r-mationaccumulatCdinthestr-uctllreofforeststandsa11dgrowingprocessofindividualtrees.So,athoroughstUdyonagestructureanditsdistributiol1ofbroad-leavedKore-anpine.forestwouldprovidetl1eoretical…     

九峰科技植物资源现状与保护对策

经过查阅历史档案、询问当事人及外业核查、调查,结果表明:九峰地区现有39块试验现场,面积124.7hm^2;实施各类科技项目53项,项目规模面积140.25hm^2,涉及裸子、被子等植物73科,150属,194种(类),已形成科技植物群体;在九峰森林植物本底调查、林木种质资源收集与保存、林木品种遗传改良及繁殖技术等13个学科方向及近120个植物品种开发研究方面取得了重大突破和创新;鉴于九峰科技植物资源现状,本文提出了相应的保护对策与措施。     

堆体大小对猪粪堆肥影响和袋装堆肥的研究

研究了堆体大小对堆肥的影响以及堆制10 d的物料袋装堆肥的可行性。试验将猪粪和秸秆按一定比例混合均匀后分800 kg、400 kg和200 kg三种规格堆制40 d，另设800 kg组物料堆制10 d后转移分装到袋中继续堆制至40 d。每天上午、下午测定堆温，并于堆制第1、5、10、20、30和40 d取物料测定C/N比、水溶性碳、总腐殖质、氨态氮和硝态氮。结果表明，400 kg和800 kg组经40 d左右可以达到腐熟，而200 kg组不能完成彻底的有机质分解。与非袋装组比较，袋装堆肥堆制结束(40 d)物料的C/N比较低、腐殖质和氨态氮相近、水溶性碳和硝态氮较高。袋装法简单经济，占地少，便于畜牧场和农村推广应用。     

灌溉小麦优质高产生态栽培优化数学模型研究

运用农业系统工程原理,采用三因子二次饱和D最优设计方案[8],选取对小麦产量影响较大的播期x1、播量x2和施肥量x3为调控因子[5] [7],以每公顷 产量y为目标函数研究灌溉小麦优质高产生态栽培优化数学模型。结果表明,在试验设计条件下,影响灌溉小麦产量的各生态因素权重依次为播期x1＞播量x2＞施肥量x3,依据建立的模型,目标产量在7500～9000kg/hm2时,灌溉小麦优质高产最佳农艺方案为：播期x1 10月2日～5日,播量x2 145.91～211.76万粒/ hm2,施肥量x3纯N、P（N∶P2O5=1∶1）191.83～304.73 kg/hm2。本研究为灌溉小麦优质高产生态栽培提供科学依据。     

甘蓝型油菜萝卜细胞质雄性不育系的研究

本文报道的甘蓝型油菜萝卜细胞质雄性不育花药发育的细胞学特征和某些生化特性是:①不育系的雄蕊发生不育的形式多样,多数雄蕊的结构完整,但不能形成正常的花粉;一部分短雄蕊的花药完全退化;有一些长雄蕊两个给合在一起,一部分药囊退化。②不育系的雌性较强,一部分不育植株花器官的雄蕊和雌蕊的子房外面生长有很多发育完全的子房外胚珠。③不育系花器官各部分的过氧化物酶同工酶谱与保持系都有差异。④组织化学分析表明,不育系的花粉在发生败育的过程中,其细胞色素氧化酶、多酚氧化酶和ATP酶的活性都比保持系的弱,而过氧化物酶的活性比保持系的强。不育系花药的部分药壁细胞的过氧化物酶和细胞色素氧化酶的活性比保持系的强,而多酚氧化酶和ATP酶的活性则相反。     

玉米自交系遗传关系的SSR标记分析

选用系谱明确的和系谱来源复杂的38个玉米自交系为材料,在玉米基因组上均匀选取62个SSR引物进行遗传关系分析：(ⅰ)分析SSR引物在这些自交系中的差异程度;(ⅱ)进行自交系的类群划分;(ⅲ) 明确SSR标记在不同来源类型玉米自交系的类群划分和遗传关系分析上的应用价值。62对SSR引物共检测到238个等位基因变异,平均每个位点的等位基因数4.08个,平均多态性信息量(PIC)0.612,平均标记索引系数(MI)2.58,三个指标对标记多态性的分析不完全一致。UPGMA聚类分析将38个玉米自交系分为瑞德、旅大红骨、塘四平头、兰卡斯特、P1、P2和热带素湾7个类群,划群结果与系谱基本吻合,同时对系谱来源复杂的自交系进行分析,明确了它们的归属。     

人力资源管理的转变与创新

创新人力资源管理已经成为实现人才强国战略的关键所在,新的形势对人力资源管理提出了新的要求。那么,结合我国当前人力资源管理的实际,如何在新的形势下实现人力资源管理的创新?该文提出了创新人力资源管理的对策建议,探索新形势下人力资源管理的新途径、新方法,以期对人力资源管理工作具有一定的借鉴意义。     

火龙果病虫害的研究进展

对我国有关火龙果病虫害的研究进展进行了概述,着重阐述了火龙果病虫危害的症状、发生规律以及防治方法,并对我国未来火龙果病虫害的综合防治技术进行了初步探讨。