证据理论及其在评估中的应用

针对新开设课程的课时设置问题,鉴于专家评估法存在的不确定性现象,采用D-S证据理论融合不确定性信息的方法,将每位专家的意见综合为专家组的一致意见,使评估结果更为合理,并为其它课程的课时设置提供借鉴.     

The role of informal contracts in the growth of small cattle herds on the floodplains of the Lower Amazon

In the absence of access to formal credit, informal contracts with independent investors give the small ranchers of the Lower Amazon an acceptable means through which to surmount the high investment hurdle of starting a cattle herd. These contracts – called sociedades – allow small ranchers to raise an outside investor's cattle in return for a portion of the offspring and are commonplace in the cattle production systems of the Amazon. But, notwithstanding a vast literature on cattle production in the Amazon, informal contracts have been largely overlooked. This paper presents the results of a field survey and financial analysis for informal contracts on small ranches in the Lower Amazon. In the results, we suggest that informal contracts are an important means of cattle herd start-up and herd production for small ranchers. Internal rates of returns in cattle production under these contracts are in the range of –7 to –12% for the small rancher and 12% for the investor. The net present value of the contract to the small rancher ranges from –R$1219 to –R$8599 and from R$1681 to R$8845 for the investor, for a 10-year period, depending on herd size. Financial returns contracts are sensitive to the contract design – e.g., to who pays health costs – and to beef prices. The small ranchers have a negative IRR, lose money, and bear all the risk of loss, yet persist in using this form of herd development. We surmise that this is due to the non-financial benefits of cattle ownership and the lack of access to formal credit structures. In conclusion, although outside the formal economy and apparently financially unrewarding, these contracts are an important mechanism by which the small ranchers on the Amazon Floodplains create cattle herds.     

Role for the membrane receptor guanylyl cyclase-C in attention deficiency and hyperactive behavior

Midbrain dopamine neurons regulate many important behavioral processes, and their dysfunctions are associated with several human neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia. Here, we report that these neurons in mice selectively express guanylyl cyclase-C (GC-C), a membrane receptor previously thought to be expressed mainly in the intestine. GC-C activation potentiates the excitatory responses mediated by glutamate and acetylcholine receptors via the activity of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Mice in which GC-C has been knocked out exhibit hyperactivity and attention deficits. Moreover, their behavioral phenotypes are reversed by ADHD therapeutics and a PKG activator. These results indicate important behavioral and physiological functions for the GC-C/PKG signaling pathway within the brain and suggest new therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric disorders related to the malfunctions of midbrain dopamine neurons.     

Adventurous food futures: knowing about alternatives is not enough,we need to feel them

This paper investigates how we can enact, collectively, affording food systems. Yet rather than asking simply what those assemblages might look like the author enquires as to how they might also feel. Building on existing literature that speaks to the radically relational, and deeply affective, nature of food the aims of this paper are multiple: to learn more about how moments of difference come about in otherwise seemingly banal encounters; to understand some of the processes by which novelty ripples out, up, and through social bodies; to speak to, and suggest ways to resolve, ontological asymmetries within the agrifood literature pertaining to Cartesian dualisms; and to offer ways forward that allow agrifood scholars to talk about phenomena such as feelings and structures/barriers in the same sentence. The empirical flesh of the paper comes from an admittedly unconventional case study. On December 10, 2012, Amendment 64 was added to Colorado’s constitution making it legal for adults to consume marijuana for recreational purposes. The case examined is not about pot, however. The paper, rather, is about hopeful, hydroponic-inspired, agrifood futures; novel doings, feelings, and thinkings sparked by, among other things, food grown in basements and spare bedrooms.     

Estimation of the rootzone depth above a gravel layer (in wild blueberry fields) using electromagnetic induction method

Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) fields in the north east Canada are naturally grown in a course textured thin layer of soil and below this layer is a soilless layer of gravel. The root zone depth of this crop varies from 10 to 15 cm. Investigating the depth to the gravel layer below the course textured soil is advantageous, as it affects the water holding capacity of the root zone. Water and nutrient management are the two primary determinants of crop yield and the amount of leaching. The objective of this study was to estimate the depth to the gravel layer using DualEM-2 instrument. A C++ program written in Visual Studio 2010 was used to develop mathematical models for estimating the depth to the gravel layer from the outputs of DualEM-2 sensor. Two wild blueberry fields were selected in central Nova Scotia, Canada to evaluate the performance of DualEM-2 instrument in estimating the rootzone depth above the gravel layer. The mid points of squares created by grid lines were used as the sampling points at each experimental site. The actual depth to the interface was measured manually at selected grid points (n = 50). The apparent ground conductivity (EC_a) values of DualEM-2 were recorded and the depth to the interface was estimated for the same sampling points within the selected fields. The fruit yield samples were also collected from the same grid points to identify the impact of the depth to the gravel layer on crop yield. After calibrations, comprehensive surveys were conducted and the actual and estimated depths to the interface were established. The interpolated maps of fruit yield, and the actual (z_in) and estimated (\( {\text{z}}_{\text{in}}^{*} \)) depths to the interface were created in ArcGIS 10 software. Results indicated that the z_in was significantly correlated with \( {\text{z}}_{\text{in}}^{*} \) for the North River (R ² = 0.73; RMSE = 0.27 m) and the Carmel (R ² = 0.45; RMSE = 0.20 m) sites. Results revealed that the areas with shallow depth to the gravel layer were low yielding, indicating that the variation in the depth to the gravel layer can have an impact on crop productivity. Non-destructive estimations of the depth to the gravel layer can be used to develop erosion control strategies, which will result in an increased crop production.     

切花菊育种问题探讨

 在育种方法上,有性杂交育种目前仍是切花菊育种最基本、最有效的途径,常规育种与基因工程技术手段结合的复合育种途径将是今后发展的方向;还对切花菊育种原始材料的选择和应用、切花菊优良性状标准等问题进行了探讨。     

植物生长调节剂对大叶栎幼苗生长的影响

[目的]研究不同植物生长调节剂对大叶栎幼苗生长的影响,探索大叶栎培育壮苗的最佳方案,指导育苗生产实践。[方法]利用不同浓度的生根粉和萘乙酸对大叶栎幼苗进行处理,并且对苗高、地径、生物量等形态指标和叶绿素含量等生理指标进行测定。[结果]2种生长调节剂对大叶栎苗木的生长有明显的促进作用,尤以喷施ABT 50 mg/L的处理表现最佳,其苗高、地径、根系总长、叶面积、叶绿素含量分别比对照提高了27.53%、61.54%、70.91%、64.23%、21.43%。[结论]该研究为2种生长调节剂(萘乙酸和生根粉)的使用提供了依据。     

革命英雄传奇神话的历史终结——论莫言《红高粱家族》的文学史意义

在中国现代文学运动发展史上,《红高粱家族》的出现具有审美转型的深刻意义。作者用“虚构叙事”取代“亲历在场”,用“酒色财气”颠覆“英雄崇拜”,用“灵魂救赎”挑战“旧梦新知”,并以强烈的艺术理性精神,宣告了革命英雄传奇神话的历史终结。