棉花单核苷酸多态性标记研究进展

单核苷酸多态性标记已在农作物研究中得到广泛应用并取得重大进展。为了便利棉花SNP(Single nucleotide polymorphism)标记的研究和应用,介绍了利用基因芯片、简化基因组测序、重测序等在棉花中开发SNP标记的方法 ,综述了SNP标记在棉花遗传图谱构建、数量位点的定位和分子标记辅助育种、基因组测序以及系统进化等研究中的应用。并对异源四倍体棉花中SNP标记开发时,同源序列位点和部分同源序列位点上的SNP标记辨别问题进行了系统探讨,对其快捷的开发、检测方式和在数量基因定位中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Field Evaluation of Cocksfoot,Tall Fescue and Phalaris for Dry Marginal Environments of South‐Eastern Australia. 1. Establishment and Herbage Production

Newly developed candidate cultivars of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = syn. L. arundinaceum (Schreb) Darbysh.) were evaluated over four years for persistence and productivity against current commercial cultivars in small plots at five locations selected for lower and less reliable rainfall and difficult soils (low pH and high Al) in south‐eastern Australia known to be marginally too dry for these grass species. The five locations were ‐ representing summer dominant rainfall, Inverell, in northern New South Wales (NSW); ‐ representing uniform rainfall; Trungley Hall, (medium rainfall), and Beckom (lower rainfall) both in southern NSW; and; representing a winter dominant pattern ‐ Eversley, (higher rainfall), and Bealiba, (lower rainfall), in central Victoria. The objective was to determine if the new candidate cultivars were more likely to persist and to be productive than current commercial cultivars. The study showed that most phalaris and cocksfoot treatments were highly productive in high rainfall years at one or both sites in southern NSW. However, all treatments had become much less productive by the end of the experimental period due to plant loss under hot, dry conditions in the final summer. At Bealiba in central Victoria, cocksfoot was the most productive species with several cocksfoot treatments of both subsp. hispanica and subsp. glomerata still present at the final harvest despite a hot and dry final summer‐autumn. Tall fescue was the most productive species in the two higher rainfall environments (Inverell, Eversley) although most treatments of all species performed well at those sites. Continental tall fescues were more productive on average than Mediterranean tall fescues at the strongly acidic Eversley site. As a result of this work, two of the new cocksfoot candidates (Moroccan Fine and AVH48 Selection) and one of the tall fescue candidates (Summer Active 1) have been licensed for commercial development and release.     

红素氧还蛋白研究进展

自然界中大多数的红素氧还蛋白(rubredoxin)集中来自严格厌氧菌,包括细菌、古菌和少数微需氧细菌,而植物中该类蛋白相对较少,它的功能主要表现在作为辅因子或电子供体参与多个生化途径。也有研究显示,无论是植物中还是微生物中的红素氧还蛋白基因在协助生物抵御氧化胁迫方面均发挥着重要的作用。本文全面介绍自然界中的红素氧还蛋白基因的分布、结构以及在微生物、植物中所发挥的作用等,希望能为今后的进一步研究提供参考。     

Characterizing long-term forest disturbance history and its drivers in the Ning-Zhen Mountains,Jiangsu Province of eastern China using yearly Landsat observations (1987–2011)

Forest losses or gains have long been recognized as critical processes modulating the carbon flux between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Timely, accurate and spatially explicit information on forest disturbance and recovery history is required for assessing the effectiveness of existing forest management. The major objectives of our research focused on testing the mapping efficacy of the vegetation change tracker (VCT) model over a forested area in China. We used a new version of VCT algorithm built upon the Landsat time series stacks (LTSS). The LTSS consisted of yearly image acquisitions to map forest disturbance history from 1987 to 2011 over the Ning-Zhen Mountains, Jiangsu Province of east China. The LTSS consisted of TM and ETM+ scenes with different projections due to distinct data sources (Beijing remote sensing ground station and the USGS EROS Center). The validation results of the disturbance year maps showed that most spatial agreement measures ranged from 70 to 86 %, comparable with the VCT accuracies reported for many places in USA. Very low accuracies were identified in 1995 (38.3 %) and 1992 (56.2 %) in the current analysis. These resulted from the insensitivity of the VCT algorithm to detect low intensity disturbances and also from the mis-registration errors of the image pairs. Major forest disturbance types existing in our study area were identified as agricultural expansion (39.8 %), urbanization (24.9 %), forest management practice (19.3 %), and mining (12.8 %). In general, there was a gradual decreasing trend in forest cover throughout this region, caused principally by China’s economic, demographic, environmental and political policies and decisions, as well as some weather events. While VCT has largely been used to assess long term changes and trends in the USA, it has great potential for assessing landscape level change elsewhere throughout the world.     

参与式社区管理技术在湖北省自然保护区管理中的应用——以湖北后河国家级自然保护区为例

参与式社区管理是一种全新的自然保护区管理模式,是目前国际上较先进的自然保护区社区管理技术。本文以湖北后河国家级自然保护区为例,应用参与式社区管理技术,选择了后河自然村和水滩头自然村等综合示范村和能源示范村,组建了社区共管县级领导小组和综合示范村的村级共管委员会等社区共管协调机构,编制综合示范村的社区资源管理计划,建立和使用社区保护基金,开展社区共管和社区保护教育活动,监测与评估等,增强了社区居民的生物多样性保护意识,提高了社区居民的生产生活水平,初步实现了生物多样性保护与社区发展的共赢局面,并为湖北省自然保护区的社区发展提供了新的管理模式。     

山西桑树轻简化收获技术试验简报

为保持树势,增加桑树产叶量,同时为减少采叶用工量,减轻劳动强度,采取春蚕期重剪梢,夏蚕期截条收获,中秋蚕改春出扦为秋出扦,实行全年条桑收获法。试验结果表明,晋南蚕区单位面积产叶量增产19.2%~21.1%,晋东南蚕区增产14.4%~15.4%,采叶功效提高了40.5%。     

人居环境视角下居民垃圾分类意愿实证研究及政策建议——基于河南省郑州、洛阳、商丘和漯河四地市的调研

基于河南省人居环境现状,分别对郑州、洛阳、商丘和漯河四地市进行了实地调研,通过建立二元Logistic模型,分析了影响居民垃圾分类意愿高低的因素。结果表明:文化程度、经济发展、政策支持对提高居民垃圾分类意愿具有较强的正相关影响,而居民人居环境满意度对提高垃圾分类意愿具有负相关影响;女性相比男性的垃圾分类意愿更高,城市居民相比农村居民的垃圾分类意愿更高。基于此结论,从政府和社会两个方面分别提出了相关建议,以供参考。     

栽培介质、pH值和氮形态对毛竹幼苗地上部分生长的影响

为进一步明确毛竹幼苗无土栽培的最佳条件,阐明毛竹N形态响应差异的影响因素,加快毛竹实生苗的培育.研究超纯水、砂和蛭石3种栽培介质,2 mM不同N形态(NH4+-N、NO3--N)以及3种pH值(3.8、5.8、7.8)处理对毛竹幼苗地上部的苗高、叶片数、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)及地上部生物量的影响.结果表明:在蛭石和水培时,毛竹生长表现出明显的喜铵性,并且在pH为3.8时生长最好;而砂培时,毛竹幼苗生长对NH4+-N和NO3--N以及pH的响应差异都不明显.相关性分析结果表明,对地上部生长的影响为:栽培介质>pH值>N形态.毛竹幼苗生长及对不同N形态的响应受外界环境条件影响,在蛭石中栽培,供应NH4+-N为主、pH值为3.8的营养液,其生长最好.研究结果可为毛竹幼苗的无土栽培和繁育提供理论参考.     

新疆杂话中的民间文化立场

杂话是一种来自土地的民间文学,天然地继承了民间文化形态中自由自在的文化立场。在庙堂意识形态大一统的环境下,它无意识地运用了民间的隐形文本结构,含蓄地表达着民间社会的审美立场。杂话热情地讴歌了民间社会的理想主义,传递出民间多维的声音,详细而立体地勾勒出民间传统社会的各个方面。     

试述北京市农机报废更新工作的迫切性

为保证北京市农机安全生产工作,大力促进农业生产的发展,北京市建立农机报废更新制度迫在眉睫。