Population structure,genetic diversity,and sexual state of the rice brown spot pathogen Bipolaris oryzae from three Asian countries

Bipolaris oryzae causes brown spot in rice (Oryza sativa) inflicting substantial grain yield losses worldwide. Knowledge of the population structure, genetic diversity and sexual recombination of the fungal pathogen can help to implement effective disease management strategies. In this study, B. oryzae isolates sampled from Iran, the Philippines and Japan were analysed with 12 simple‐sequence repeat (SSR) markers, newly developed from the genome sequence of the fungus. Among the 288 B. oryzae isolates genotyped, 278 unique haplotypes were identified. High genotype numbers (richness) with even distribution (evenness) were found within the collection sites. Both mating types, MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2, were present in each collection area, and the sexual state was induced under controlled conditions with production of viable ascospores. However, the tests of linkage disequilibrium rejected of the hypothesis of random mating. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) revealed that the B. oryzae collection formed three clusters, each consisting of isolates from different collection sites. Analysis of molecular variance (amova ) showed that genetic variation among clusters was 18.7%, with the rest of the variation distributed within clusters (R_ST = 0.187, P < 0.001). Statistically significant pairwise genetic differentiation was found between the clusters. These results show that Asian B. oryzae isolates are genetically diverse, and, overall, distributed in three groups. These findings will be helpful in managing the disease and guide the use of representative isolates needed for selection of resistant rice varieties.     

浅谈我国的水产饲料行业标准

<正>我国是产量位居世界第一的水产养殖大国,在我国水产养殖业的发展过程中,水产饲料工业发挥了至关重要的作用。饲料是进行养殖生产最为重要的物质     

花生油乳液稳定特性研究

本实验研究了三聚甘油单硬脂酸酯(C-18A)、四聚甘油单硬脂酸酯(D-18A)、六聚甘油单硬脂酸酯(F-18A)、六聚甘油六硬脂酸酯(F-18F)、卵磷脂、分子蒸馏单甘酯(单甘酯)和两种蔗糖酯(SE11、SE15)共八种常用的非离子型乳化剂对花生油O/W型乳状液的表面张力及粒径的影响,并采用Box-Behnken响应面设计.以脂肪上浮速率为响应值,对乳化剂进行了复配.结果表明,八种乳化剂中卵磷脂及单甘酯在降低乳液表面张力方面效果最好,SE11及SE15在降低乳液粒径方面效果最好(P<0.05).响应面中各因素对乳液脂肪上浮速率影响的显著程度依次为SE15、卵磷脂、单甘酯,最佳乳化剂配方为单甘5g/L、卵磷脂7g/L、SE15 5g/L,该配方下乳状液的脂肪上浮速率为0.1643%/s.     

不同氮素籽粒生产效率油菜品种苗期叶片光合特性差异

2007-2008年度通过对不同氮肥水平下28个品种苗期叶片叶绿素含量和光合参数以及氮素籽粒生产效率的测定,结果表明：（1）不同品种氮素籽粒生产效率差异较大,施用氮肥氮素籽粒生产效率显著降低。（2）多数品种施用氮肥叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值),净光合速率(Pn)增加;PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm),光化学淬灭系数(qP)增加,非光化学淬灭系数(qN)减小。（3）叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)与净光合速率(Pn)之间,净光合速率(Pn)与PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)之间都表现显著正相关关系。（4）氮素籽粒生产效率与苗期叶片PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)呈显著正相关,不施氮肥条件下氮素籽粒生产效率与SPAD值呈显著正相关。     

不同生态类型大豆品种光周期反应的鉴定

通过设置短日照(12h)和长日照(16h)两种光照处理,对58个近年育成的不同生态类型大豆品种(系)进行光周期反应鉴定.结果表明.大豆光周期反应敏感性强弱依次为南方夏大豆、南方春大豆、黄淮海夏大豆、北方春大豆,品种的光周期反应敏感性随着主产地纬度的降低而增强;本试验建立了一种以短日开花促进率为评价指标的光周期反应敏感性的鉴定方法,该方法准确、简便、周期短、成本低廉.     

粘胶涂干防治榆紫叶甲试验

为了阻止榆紫叶甲成虫上树为害,采用无毒粘胶涂干方法对害虫进行了防治试验,并与采用无公害农药——触破进行涂毒环和直接喷洒百虫杀两种防治方法的效果进行了比较。结果显示:粘胶涂干法的防治效果最好,其防治率可达90%以上,明显高于涂毒环的防治率(32.63%)和喷药的防治率(68.90%);且粘胶涂干法的有效防治期长,在整个春季对越冬代成虫都有持续的阻隔上树作用;涂粘胶的最佳宽度为5cm,其防治率可达89.57%。     

鸡蛋中臭鼻克雷伯氏菌的分离与鉴定

从市售鲜鸡蛋内容物中分离到一株革兰氏阴性杆菌,经形态学观察、培养特性观察及生化试验鉴定该菌为臭鼻克雷伯氏菌。药敏试验表明该菌对先锋霉素、链霉素、氯霉素和庆大霉素敏感。动物实验结果表明,该菌对小白鼠有致病力。一般情况下臭鼻克雷伯氏菌属于条件致病菌,从鸡蛋中分离出致病菌株,在公共卫生方面具有重要意义。     

The improvement of growth,digestive enzyme activity and disease resistance of white shrimp by the dietary citric acid

A 45-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary citric acid on growth, digestive enzyme and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp with initial body weight of 5.57 ± 0.21 g were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0.0 g kg^?1 (control), 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g kg^?1 citric acid. Results showed that weight gain was increased by 15.9 % and feed conversion ratio was decreased by 0.17 by 2.0 g kg^?1 dietary citric acid compared with control group (P < 0.05). Intestinal protease activity of shrimp fed 2.0 g kg^?1 citric acid was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of control group. No significant difference was found in intestinal amylase activity among treatments (P > 0.05). The activities of serum phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme in 2.0 and 3.0 g kg^?1 citric acid group were significantly higher, and accumulative mortalities of the two groups on the fourth day after injection of Vibrio alginolyticus were significantly lower than those of control group (P < 0.05). Results above demonstrated that dietary citric acid could improve growth performance, immunity and resistance against V. alginolyticus. The supplementation level of citric acid in diet was suggested to be 2.0–3.0 g kg^?1 for white shrimp.     

促进加拿大农产品供应链发展的影响因素分析及启示

加拿大是农业发达国家,农产品供应链发展比较早也较成熟。通过分析促进加拿大农产品供应链发展的主要因素,以及这些因素给加拿大农产品供应链发展带来的影响。对加拿大农产品供应链的分析和探讨,以期为我国农业经济和农产品供应链研究提供借鉴。     

Simultaneous Pollutant Removal and Electricity Generation in a Combined ABR-MFC-MEC System Treating Fecal Wastewater

Simultaneous power generation and fecal wastewater treatment were investigated using a combined ABR-MFC-MEC system (anaerobic baffled reactor-microbial fuel cell-microbial electrolysis cell). The installation of multi-stage baffles can benefit retaining the suspended solids in the system and help separate the hydrolysis-acidification and the methanogen processes. The efficiencies of the nitrification-denitrification process were improved because of the weak current generation by coupling the microbial electrochemical device (MFC-MEC) with the ABR unit. Maximum removal rates for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) were 1.35 ± 0.05 kg COD/m³/day and 85.0 ± 0.4 g NH₄ ⁺-N/m³/day, respectively, while 45% of methane (CH₄), 9% of carbon dioxide (CO₂), and 45% of nitrogen gas (N₂) contents in volume ratio were found in the collected gas phase. An average surplus output voltage of 452.5 ± 10.5 mV could be achieved from the combined system, when the initial COD concentration was 1500.0 ± 20.0 mg/L and the initial NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was 110.0 ± 5.0 mg/L, while the effluent COD could reach 50.0 mg/L with an HRT of 48 h. The combined process has the potential to treat fecal wastewater efficiently with nearly zero energy input and a fair bio-fuel production.