鸡Mx基因的克隆与原核表达

本研究旨在通过克隆鸡Mx全基因序列进而进行该基因的原核表达,获得具有生物学活性的蛋白.利用poly Ⅰ:C诱导鸡胚成纤维细胞Mx基因表达,克隆了Mx基因全长cDNA序列,将开放阅读框(ORF)连接构建于表达质粒pGEX-4t-2中获得重组表达载体pGEX-Mx,转化Rosetta(DE3)菌株,经IPTG诱导后检测.表达产物检测显示该蛋白的相对分子量为75 ku.说明获得了Mx基因的高效表达,为进一步进行Mx基因的活性检测以及利用Mx蛋白进行抗病毒转基因的研究奠定了基础.     

1株H5N1亚型高致病力禽流感病毒人工感染鸭的抗原定位观察

通过对鸭静脉接种或眼-鼻-口腔-泄殖腔接种禽流感病毒A/duck/Guangdong/220/2004(H5N1)后,采用免疫组织化学方法检查病毒核蛋白抗原,探讨了该病毒在组织器官中的定位与分布.结果表明,病毒核蛋白抗原主要存在于鸭的心肌细胞、肝细胞、枯否氏细胞、胰腺泡上皮细胞、肾小管上皮细胞、血管内皮细胞和血液吞噬性自细胞;在气管和支气管黏膜上皮,脑组织,肠黏膜上皮,胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏和肺脏的巨噬细胞或组织细胞以及坏死的细胞碎片中也可检查到少量病毒核蛋白抗原;而在食管、胃、睾丸、卵巢、甲状腺、肾上腺、哈德氏腺、骨骼肌等未检查到该抗原.     

绵羊基因组中内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒相关序列的确定

绵羊都含有与绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus,JSRV)密切相关的15~20拷贝内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(enJSRV)相关序列。宿主可利用内源性病毒来预防致病性反转录病毒的感染,一些内源性病毒可以有效地干扰相关外源性病毒的复制。本试验通过分子生物学手段确定了蒙古绵羊基因组中含有enJSRV6和enJSRV10两个内源性病毒基因而内蒙古白绒山羊中未发现。通过比较内、外源病毒LTR序列的酶切图谱,获得专一作用外源性病毒的核酸内切酶M spⅠ、TfiⅠ、BsaWⅠ,如果将酶切与聚合酶链式反应(PCR)相结合,不需要经过测序就可分辨enJS-RV和外源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(exJSRV),形成"酶切-PCR"检测技术,将为绵羊肺腺瘤病的快速诊断提供了新的手段。     

栗蚕蛹体液的一些免疫反应

为了探明栗蚕体内免疫机制,研究了栗蚕蛹体液免疫反应的某些特性。栗蚕蛹经细菌、真菌以及生理盐水诱导后,其体液对大肠杆菌(E.coli)、枯草杆菌(B.subtilis)、金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)及柞蚕链球菌(T.streptoc-occus)均表现出一定的抑菌作用。大肠杆菌诱导6 h后,栗蚕蛹体液中出现抗菌活性物质,诱导后4 d,体液的抗菌活性达到高峰值,11 d后活性消失。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明,诱导后的栗蚕蛹血淋巴中有新蛋白产生,推测可能与其产生新的抗菌活性有关。     

日粮中缺硒对鸡空肠肥大细胞组织化学和超微结构的影响

为探讨硒缺乏对鸡空肠中肥大细胞(MC)的形态学和超微结构的影响,将10只鸡随机分成低硒试验组(饲喂低硒日粮0.032 mg/kg)和正常对照组,在75日龄时断头处死立即取出空肠,进行甲苯胺蓝、长时间甲苯胺蓝、阿利新蓝-藏花红染色、阿利新蓝-高碘雪夫氏反应和醛品红-阿利新蓝5种染色并进行透射电镜观察.结果显示,采用不同染色方法所获得的MC数量、大小、形态、颜色及颗粒的黏多糖成分均不相同.电镜下,MC细胞胞浆内充盈大量的特征性颗粒,颗粒内容物呈均质状,电子密度高低不等,核圆形或椭圆形,胞质中可见高尔基复合体和较多的线粒体;试验组可见MC数量显著增加并与变性细胞紧密相邻,异染色质增多,核偏位或固缩,胞质稀疏,同时可见MC内颗粒内容物释放后的空隙或空泡.因此,组化染色提示肥大细胞存在不同亚型;试验组MC数量明显增加,这提示MC是重要的免疫细胞之一,在机体的免疫调节中发挥着重要的作用.     

覆盖材料对垄沟集雨种植高粱生长特性及土壤水分、温度的影响

为了提高旱作雨养农业区降水资源利用率,改善作物水分有效性,在半干旱黄土高原丘陵区通过大田试验,以传统垄沟集雨种植沟无覆盖为对照,研究了不同沟覆盖材料(生物可降解地膜覆盖、生物可降解液体地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖)对土壤水分、土壤温度、高粱产量和水分利用效率等的影响。结果表明,在高粱全生育期,与无覆盖相比,生物可降解地膜覆盖、生物可降解液体地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖的平均土壤贮水量分别增加20.7,11.7和28.9mm,土壤含水量分别提高5.7%,0.9%和8.7%;生物可降解地膜覆盖和生物可降解液体地膜覆盖的沟中平均土壤温度分别增加1.3和0.5℃,秸秆覆盖的沟中平均土壤温度降低0.3℃;生物可降解地膜覆盖、生物可降解液体地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖的高粱地上生物量分别提高31%,4%和7%,籽粒产量分别提高36%,15%和23%,WUE分别提高36.0%,15.0%和24.8%。与无覆盖相比,生物可降解地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖具有较高土壤水分、地上生物量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率。生物可降解液体地膜覆盖效果不明显。     

黄土高原与内蒙古高原草原种子植物区系比较研究

黄土高原草原是中国北方温带草原带的重要组成部分,但黄土高原草原与欧亚地带性草原的关系尚未阐明。本研究将黄土高原地带性草原种子植物区系作为单独的研究对象,建立了黄土高原草原种子植物名录,采用植物地理学的相关理论与方法,对黄土高原草原和内蒙古高原草原植物区系的相似性和地理成分进行了系统的比较分析。结果表明：黄土高原草原与内蒙古高原草原种子植物区系在科属水平上的区系相似度较高,但种水平的区系相似性较低。区系的地理成分有较大差异,且最主要的差异在于黄土高原草原植物区系中东亚成分具有更重要的地位。垂直地带性对黄土高原草原的形成有重要作用,适宜草原发生的环境条件使得黄土高原表现出大面积的温带草原景观,但黄土高原草原应区别于欧亚草原的地带性植被。     

Association between porpoise presence and fish choruses: implications for feeding strategies and ecosystem-based conservation of the East Asian finless porpoise

The associations between feeding activities and environmental variables inform animal feeding tactics that maximize energetic gains by minimizing energy costs while maximizing feeding success. Relevant studies in aquatic animals, particularly marine mammals, are scarce due to difficulties in the observation of feeding behaviors in aquatic environments. This data scarcity concurrently hinders ecosystem-based fishery management in the context of small toothed-cetacean conservation. In the present study, a passive acoustic monitoring station was deployed in an East Asian finless porpoise habitat in Laizhou Bay to investigate potential relationships between East Asian finless porpoises and their prey. The data revealed that porpoises were acoustically present nearly every day during the survey period. Porpoise detection rates differed between spring and autumn in concert with activities of fish choruses. During spring, fish choruses were present throughout the afternoon, and this was the time when porpoise vocalizations were the most frequently detected. During autumn, when fish choruses were absent, porpoise detection rates decreased, and diurnal patterns were not detected. The close association between fish choruses and finless porpoise activities implies an “eavesdropping” feeding strategy to maximize energetic gains, similar to other toothed cetaceans that are known to engage similar feeding strategies. Underwater noise pollution, particularly those masking fish choruses, could interrupt finless porpoises’ feeding success. Fisheries competing soniferous fishes with finless porpoise could impact finless porpoise viability through ecosystem disruption, in addition to fishing gear entanglement.     

Physiological but not morphological adjustments along latitudinal gradients in a human commensal species,the Eurasian tree sparrow

Human commensal species take advantage of anthropogenic conditions that are less likely to be challenged by the selective pressures of natural environments. Their morphological and physiological phenotypes can therefore dissociate from habitat characteristics. Understanding how these species adjust their morphological and physiological traits across latitudinal gradients is fundamental to uncovering the eco-physiological strategies underlying coping mechanisms. Here, we studied morphological traits in breeding Eurasian tree sparrows (ETSs; Passer montanus) among low-latitude (Yunnan and Hunan) and middle-latitude (Hebei) localities in China. We then compared body mass; lengths of bill, tarsometatarsus, wing, total body, and tail feather; and baseline and capture stress-induced levels of plasma corticosterone (CORT) and the metabolites including glucose (Glu), total triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), total protein, and uric acid (UA). None of the measured morphological parameters varied with latitude except in the Hunan population, which demonstrated longer bills than those in other populations. Stress-induced CORT levels significantly exceeded baseline levels and decreased with increasing latitude, but total integrated CORT levels did not vary with latitude. Capture stress-induced significantly increased Glu levels and decreased TG levels, independent of site. However, the Hunan population had significantly higher baseline CORT, baseline and stress-induced FFA levels, but lower UA levels, which differed from other populations. Our results suggest that rather than morphological adjustments, physiological adjustments are mainly involved in coping mechanisms for middle-latitude adaptation in ETSs. It is worth investigating whether other avian species also exhibit such dissociation from external morphological designs while depending on physiological adjustments.