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排序方式: 共有537条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
31.
Russell CA Jones TC Barr IG Cox NJ Garten RJ Gregory V Gust ID Hampson AW Hay AJ Hurt AC de Jong JC Kelso A Klimov AI Kageyama T Komadina N Lapedes AS Lin YP Mosterin A Obuchi M Odagiri T Osterhaus AD Rimmelzwaan GF Shaw MW Skepner E Stohr K Tashiro M Fouchier RA Smith DJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5874):340-346
Antigenic and genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin of approximately 13,000 human influenza A (H3N2) viruses from six continents during 2002-2007 revealed that there was continuous circulation in east and Southeast Asia (E-SE Asia) via a region-wide network of temporally overlapping epidemics and that epidemics in the temperate regions were seeded from this network each year. Seed strains generally first reached Oceania, North America, and Europe, and later South America. This evidence suggests that once A (H3N2) viruses leave E-SE Asia, they are unlikely to contribute to long-term viral evolution. If the trends observed during this period are an accurate representation of overall patterns of spread, then the antigenic characteristics of A (H3N2) viruses outside E-SE Asia may be forecast each year based on surveillance within E-SE Asia, with consequent improvements to vaccine strain selection. 相似文献
32.
Hwang WS Ryu YJ Park JH Park ES Lee EG Koo JM Jeon HY Lee BC Kang SK Kim SJ Ahn C Hwang JH Park KY Cibelli JB Moon SY 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5664):1669-1674
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology has recently been used to generate animals with a common genetic composition. In this study, we report the derivation of a pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cell line (SCNT-hES-1) from a cloned human blastocyst. The SCNT-hES-1 cells displayed typical ES cell morphology and cell surface markers and were capable of differentiating into embryoid bodies in vitro and of forming teratomas in vivo containing cell derivatives from all three embryonic germ layers in severe combined immunodeficient mice. After continuous proliferation for more than 70 passages, SCNT-hES-1 cells maintained normal karyotypes and were genetically identical to the somatic nuclear donor cells. Although we cannot completely exclude the possibility that the cells had a parthenogenetic origin, imprinting analyses support a SCNT origin of the derived human ES cells. 相似文献
33.
Smith DJ Lapedes AS de Jong JC Bestebroer TM Rimmelzwaan GF Osterhaus AD Fouchier RA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5682):371-376
The antigenic evolution of influenza A (H3N2) virus was quantified and visualized from its introduction into humans in 1968 to 2003. Although there was remarkable correspondence between antigenic and genetic evolution, significant differences were observed: Antigenic evolution was more punctuated than genetic evolution, and genetic change sometimes had a disproportionately large antigenic effect. The method readily allows monitoring of antigenic differences among vaccine and circulating strains and thus estimation of the effects of vaccination. Further, this approach offers a route to predicting the relative success of emerging strains, which could be achieved by quantifying the combined effects of population level immune escape and viral fitness on strain evolution. 相似文献
34.
Chien M Morozova I Shi S Sheng H Chen J Gomez SM Asamani G Hill K Nuara J Feder M Rineer J Greenberg JJ Steshenko V Park SH Zhao B Teplitskaya E Edwards JR Pampou S Georghiou A Chou IC Iannuccilli W Ulz ME Kim DH Geringer-Sameth A Goldsberry C Morozov P Fischer SG Segal G Qu X Rzhetsky A Zhang P Cayanis E De Jong PJ Ju J Kalachikov S Shuman HA Russo JJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5692):1966-1968
We present the genomic sequence of Legionella pneumophila, the bacterial agent of Legionnaires' disease, a potentially fatal pneumonia acquired from aerosolized contaminated fresh water. The genome includes a 45-kilobase pair element that can exist in chromosomal and episomal forms, selective expansions of important gene families, genes for unexpected metabolic pathways, and previously unknown candidate virulence determinants. We highlight the genes that may account for Legionella's ability to survive in protozoa, mammalian macrophages, and inhospitable environmental niches and that may define new therapeutic targets. 相似文献
35.
Myung-Hoo Kim Ji-Young Yang Santi Devi Upadhaya Hyun-Jun Lee Cheol-Heui Yun Jong K. Ha 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2011,12(2):151-157
The purpose of our study was to investigate changes in immunological parameters induced by weaning stress (including milk restriction) in calves. Fifteen Holstein calves were subjected to weaning at 6 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected at -14, -7, -2, 1, 3, and 5 days post-weaning (DPW; 0 DPW = 42 days). Weaning caused significant (p < 0.01) increases in the neutrophil (NE):lymphocyte (LY) ratio at 5 DPW with a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of LYs. The concentration of acute-phase proteins (haptoglobin and serum amyloid A) also increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 3 and 5 DPW compared to -2 DPW. Levels of the iron-binding protein lactoferrin decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after weaning. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α and cortisol levels were elevated (p < 0.05) at 3 DPW, while those of serum interferon-γ decreased (p < 0.05) at 1 and 3 DPW compared to levels observed before weaning. Weaning significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the percentage of CD25+ T cells in the peripheral blood. In conclusion, weaning stress affected the NE:LY ratio along with the levels of acute phase proteins, lactoferrin, cortisol, and inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood of calves. Weaning stress may induce an acute phase response possibly through the elevation of cortisol production and modulation of inflammatory cytokines. 相似文献
36.
Els M. Broens Elisabeth A.M. Graat Peter J. Van Der Wolf Arjen W. Van De Giessen Mart C.M. De Jong 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2011,189(3):302-305
The prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pigs at abattoirs is higher than in pigs sampled on farms. This study investigated whether MRSA negative pigs can become MRSA positive during transportation from the farm to the abattoir after exposure to other pigs and environmental sources of MRSA. Nasal swabs were collected from four batches of pigs during loading at the farm, on arrival at the abattoir and after stunning. Environmental wipes were taken from lorries after transporting pigs and from lairages after holding pigs. All pigs (n = 117) tested MRSA negative before transportation. On arrival at the abattoir, 12/117 (10.3%) pigs in two batches tested MRSA positive. In lorries that tested positive after transportation, the prevalence of MRSA positive pigs was 21.1%, whereas no MRSA was detected in pigs that had been transported in lorries that tested negative after transportation. At stunning, all batches and 70/117 (59.8%) pigs tested MRSA positive. Pigs can become MRSA positive in the short period of time during transportation from the farm to stunning at the abattoir. 相似文献
38.
M F de Jong 《The Veterinary quarterly》1987,9(2):123-133
The effect of intranasal vaccination of piglets with live non-AR-pathogenic Bordetella bronchiseptica (BB-) against Atrophic Rhinitis (AR) was investigated in a preliminary investigation and in a field trial. In the preliminary investigation 2-day-old SPF piglets (n = 13) were vaccinated. Three weeks after vaccination, challenges were carried out by means of a spray with an AR-pathogenic B (BB+) or an AR-pathogenic Pasteurella multocida (PM+) broth-culture. Four weeks later the piglets were necropsied and examined for atrophy of the ventral conchae (AVC). In contrast with the non-vaccinated SPF piglets, the vaccinated piglets showed a strong and significant reduction of AVC, after both BB+ and PM+ challenge. In the field trial three groups were formed by drawing lots: ten litters (82 piglets) were vaccinated; ten litters (92 piglets) formed the control group and 11 litters (104 piglets) were treated with a placebo. The litters were spread over two units. In unit 1 AR and PM+ were demonstrated incidentally, in unit 2, however, persistently. BB+ was isolated equally frequently in both units. Clinical and bacteriological examinations were done in piglets of 3, 6 and 8 weeks of age. Necropsy examinations was carried out in 41 piglets of 8 weeks of age, chosen randomly by drawing lots. In spite of a second vaccination at the age of 3 weeks, BB- was not well established; this was possibly caused by maternal BB antibodies. In the control and placebo groups PM+ was isolated earlier and more frequently than BB+. It appeared that AVC was correlated more strongly with PM+ than with BB+ infection in the field trial. The percentage of piglets with Brachygnathia superior (BS) at the age of 8 weeks indicated the AR situation in the herd. Although a significant reduction of AVC was determined in unit 2, it was not sufficient to indicate that this method of intranasal vaccination is useful in the prevention of AR in practice. 相似文献
39.
Treatment of experimentally induced colibacillosis in broilers with doxycycline hyclate through the drinking water was just effective at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight (1000 ppm). The achieved therapeutic effects were similar to those of tetracycline at the same dose and of flumequine at a dose of 19 mg/kg body weight (100 ppm). 相似文献
40.
Veterinary vaccines are usually tested for the absence of contaminants. However, the quality control does not always imply that vaccines are not contaminated as, for example, illustrated by the bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV1) vaccine used in The Netherlands in 1999 that contained a small amount of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV1). Thousands of cows were vaccinated with BHV1 vaccine batches, and the question arose as to whether these small amounts of BVDV1, most likely not detected with in vitro tests, could have infected cattle. More in general, the question was whether the outcome of the in vitro tests, i.e. the in vitro infectivity, was indicative for the infectivity for cattle, i.e. the in vivo infectivity. We therefore carried out in vitro experiments to determine the sensitivity of a BVDV1 isolation assay. In addition, we performed two animal experiments, in which we estimated the lowest dose needed to infect calves with BVDV1. We extrapolated the experimental in vitro and in vivo results from a tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) to a cattle infectious dose (CID50). We observed a partial response in the calves inoculated with this dose: four out of six calves turned out to be infected. In the tissue culture test, all 20 samples tested negative. The response in vivo, however, was not significantly higher than the in vitro response, which implies that no difference in susceptibility was observed between the animal test and the tissue culture test. Based on the results in our experiments, some cattle may have been infected with BVDV1 after the application of the contaminated BHV1 vaccine during the vaccination campaign. The question remains that how many cattle received contaminated vaccine, and became infected with BVDV1. 相似文献