农业机械化与农民增收关系的交互动态响应分析——基于吉林省统计核算数据

为探究农业机械化发展与农民增收之间的关系,以吉林省1998—2018年的时间序列数据为例,通过灰色关联分析和构建VAR模型,利用脉冲响应函数和方差分解分别探讨农业机械化与农民增收之间的关系。结果表明:农业机械化发展与农民人均纯收入之间的灰色关联度为0.8345,关系比较密切;吉林省农业机械化发展与农民人均纯收入之间存在长期均衡关系。从长期来看,农业机械总动力每增加1%,农民人均纯收入会上涨1.4561%;吉林省农业机械化发展与农民人均纯收入之间存在双向因果关系,两者之间相互影响,而且农业机械化发展对农民人均纯收入增长的影响程度更大。最后,为更好地促进吉林省农业机械化发展提出相关建议。     

再生稻栽培技术的研究进展

根据已报到的研究材料,综述了中国南方稻区再生稻的研究进展。所有的水稻品种均可获得一定的再生稻产量,常规品种的再生稻产量明显低于杂交水稻的再生稻产量,而三系杂交水稻的再生稻产量又较两系杂交稻的再生稻产量低;留桩高度各地因组合不同和生态条件不同而有一定的差异,一般为10~40 cm;各节间腋芽在温度、光照和水分适宜的条件下均能较好的萌发,施用赤霉素和细胞分裂素均能有效促进腋芽的萌发,并能提高再生芽的成活率;再生稻腋芽萌发及成活的最适温度为24.5~27.0℃,相对湿度为81%~85%,‘汕优63’再生稻结实率≥70%的临界低温指标是：连续5日平均气温≥21℃;头季稻齐穗期剑叶SPAD值、叶片含氮量和群体单位面积的总颖花量3个因子可以用来预测再生稻高产的促芽肥经济施用量;超级杂交稻也可获得较好的再生稻产量。再生稻的栽培技术还可进一步的研究。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

作物生长季地表及耕作层地温的变化特征

为了研究辽西山区小流域地表及耕作层温度变化状态,从气候角度出发,运用气候倾向率等分析方法,分析了建平丘陵山区1959—2012年作物生长季地表温度、耕层温度变化趋势和特征。结果表明：建平的南、北部地表、耕层温度因地域性相差2.2℃,4—10月地表、耕层温度呈明显增加趋势,南部气候倾向率分别为0.288℃/10 a和0.248℃/10 a;北部气候倾向率分别为0.309℃/10 a和0.312℃/10 a。异常高温年出现在20世纪90年代之后,而异常低温年则出现在20世纪80年代之前。南部地表、耕层温度升高过渡区间在1981—1993年,1994年突变;北部过渡区间在1981—1996年,1997年突变。研究结果对辽西山地小流域治理,气候资源利用开发,合理安排农业生产提供参考。     

miR172超表达载体的构建及其在micro-Tom番茄中的遗传转化

为了进一步阐明miRNA在番茄不同生长发育阶段尤其是在果实成熟阶段的调控途径,利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)从番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)的cDNA克隆出miR172基因核心片段,将该基因片段,以及pCAMBIA1300-221载体通过特异性的限制性内切酶双酶切,然后将miR172片段正向连接到载体上,转化大肠杆菌Trans5α,鉴定重组质粒正确后,利用冻融法将重组载体转入农杆菌EHA105中。再次回转大肠杆菌验证获得的重组载体,通过PCR以及双酶切鉴定是否符合预期结果,将测序结果与NCBI上的基因序列相比较,同源性高达100%。结果成功构建了适用于番茄农杆菌遗传转化的植物表达载体,接下里进行转基因植株的培育和鉴定。为通过miR172基因进一步研究果实成熟衰老机理奠定了物质基础。     

冷却肉储藏保鲜技术研究进展

本文概述冷却肉保鲜技术(防腐剂、气调贮藏、辐照技术等)的研究进展,分析各种保鲜方法的原理和特点,为提高冷却肉的储藏品质,延长其货架期提供理论依据。     

陆稻苗期抗旱性鉴定指标筛选与评价

为筛选出陆稻苗期抗旱性鉴定指标,以24个云南陆稻品种为材料,采用反复干旱存活率作为标准,分析各测定指标与抗旱性的相关关系并对供试品种的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,心叶下倒1叶长、心叶下倒2叶长、心叶下倒2叶宽、根干重和根冠比等5个形态指标的相对值与反复干旱存活率呈显著或极显著的相关性,可作为苗期抗旱性鉴定的形态指标。以反复干旱存活率为因变量,5个综合指标为自变量建立的回归方程对24个供试品种的抗旱性进行预测,其结果与芽期抗旱鉴定呈显著相关关系。     

应用MODIS数据监测大范围病虫害植被指数变化——以2010年澳大利亚蝗灾为例

为了分析2010年澳大利亚新南威尔士州大范围蝗灾的发生范围和受灾程度,利用2008—2010年MODIS/Terra数据,通过植被生长期内前后同期的NDVI差值图像△NDVI判断2010年植被长势情况。研究结果表明:从整体上看,监测到的受灾范围与受灾程度上基本一致,能较好的反映出新南威尔士州的受灾情况;2010年9月新南威尔士州未受灾面积约为41万km2;受灾较轻区域面积约为5万km2;受灾较重区域的面积约为34万km2;受灾总面积约为39万km2,约占总面积的49%。通过与官方统计数据对比,监测到的受灾面积与官方统计数据相对误差为22%,造成误差的主要原因是像元的缺失与个别错误的像元点,导致受灾区域缺失的像元不能统计在受灾面积中和降低了受灾情况分类的精度。可得出结论,此方法适用于在对蝗灾发生范围和受灾程度的研究中。     

不同水稻品种干物质积累与产量性状的相关研究

为了探讨黑龙江省南部稻区不同水稻品种干物质积累与产量性状的相互关系,选用了该稻区不同时期主栽的6个品种为试验材料,通过田间小区对比试验进行研究,结果表明：不同水稻品种干物质积累总的趋势是前期低、后期高、中期次之;不同水稻品种抽穗前、抽穗后干物质积累量比例不同,抽穗后干物质积累量明显高于抽穗前干物质积累量;干物质积累量由高到低的品种为‘松粳9号’、‘松粳3号’、‘松粳2号’、‘松粳6号’、‘五优稻1号’、‘藤系138’;产量由高到低的品种为‘松粳9号’、‘松粳3号’、‘松粳6号’、‘松粳2号’、‘五优稻1号’、‘藤系138’;拔节至齐穗期和齐穗至成熟期干物质积累量与产量呈显著正相关;抽穗前干物质积累量与每穗粒数、千粒重呈极显著正相关;抽穗后干物质积累量与产量呈显著正相关;总干物质积累量与产量呈极显著正相关;成穗率与产量呈极显著正相关,结实率与产量呈显著正相关。合理提高拔节至成熟期干物质积累量有利于提高本稻区水稻产量。     

优质稻在储藏期间糊化温度的研究

研究在不同温度储藏条件下,优质稻的糊化温度变化.通过分析可知,在储藏6个月的条件下,优质稻糊化温度随时间变化不明显.但是随着储藏时间延长,优质稻糊化温度变化极显著.在低温和准低温储藏条件下,上、中层优质稻糊化温度均低于常温储藏条件下的糊化温度,下层优质稻的糊化温度随储藏温度不同变化不显著,可能是因为下层的粮温变化趋势几乎一致.因此可以得出,采用控温技术可以影响每层粮温,从而影响优质稻的糊化温度.通过相关性分析可知,温度与上层糊化温度呈显著性相关,对中层糊化温度有影响.采用控温可使下层粮温变化趋势接近一致,因此下层优质稻的糊化温度随储藏温度不同变化不显著.