Association of Obesity with Serum Leptin,Adiponectin, and Serotonin and Gut Microflora in Beagle Dogs

Background

Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) is involved in hypothalamic regulation of energy consumption. Also, the gut microbiome can influence neuronal signaling to the brain through vagal afferent neurons. Therefore, serotonin concentrations in the central nervous system and the composition of the microbiota can be related to obesity.

Objective

To examine adipokine, and, serotonin concentrations, and the gut microbiota in lean dogs and dogs with experimentally induced obesity.

Animals

Fourteen healthy Beagle dogs were used in this study.

Methods

Seven Beagle dogs in the obese group were fed commercial food ad libitum, over a period of 6 months to increase their weight and seven Beagle dogs in lean group were fed a restricted amount of the same diet to maintain optimal body condition over a period of 6 months. Peripheral leptin, adiponectin, 5HT, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF‐5HT) levels were measured by ELISA. Fecal samples were collected in lean and obese groups 6 months after obesity was induced. Targeted pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using a Genome Sequencer FLX plus system.

Results

Leptin concentrations were higher in the obese group (1.98 ± 1.00) compared to those of the lean group (1.12 ± 0.07, P = .025). Adiponectin and 5‐hydroytryptamine of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF‐5HT) concentrations were higher in the lean group (27.1 ± 7.28) than in the obese group (14.4 ± 5.40, P = .018). Analysis of the microbiome revealed that the diversity of the microbial community was lower in the obese group. Microbes from the phylum Firmicutes (85%) were predominant group in the gut microbiota of lean dogs. However, bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria (76%) were the predominant group in the gut microbiota of dogs in the obese group.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Decreased 5HT levels in obese group might increase the risk of obesity because of increased appetite. Microflora enriched with gram‐negative might be related with chronic inflammation status in obese dogs.     

PBAT生物降解地膜与加厚型塑料地膜降解性能及对番茄生长的影响

为筛选出易降解或易回收,对环境污染小,适宜在番茄生产中应用的地膜,研究了PBAT生物降解地膜与0.012 mm加厚型塑料地膜的差异性,以0.010 mm普通塑料地膜作为对照,对比了各种地膜的降解周期,以及对番茄生长和产量的影响。试验结果表明:在影响植株长势方面,3种地膜对番茄植株株高、茎粗、叶片数的影响差异不显著;在影响作物产量方面,覆盖0.012 mm地膜的番茄产量最高,其次是PBAT生物降解地膜,覆盖0.010 mm塑料地膜番茄产量最低;在地膜降解性能方面,PBAT生物降解地膜降解性能较强,0.012 mm加厚型塑料地膜韧性强,不易破碎,有利于后期回收利用,0.010 mm塑料地膜韧性差,不利于回收;建议生产中根据实际气候、土壤、作物等条件选择适宜的PBAT生物降解地膜或加厚型塑料地膜。     

马尾松种源对磷肥的遗传反应及根际土壤营养差异

利用5a生马尾松种源与磷肥互作试验林，研究不同种源对磷肥的遗传反应式样以及在低(缺)磷环境下的根际营养差异。结果发现，广东高州和广西岑溪两种源对磷肥的反应显著，属于对磷肥敏感型种源。广东信宜和福建武平两种源对磷肥反应不敏感，属于耐低磷型或对磷肥不敏感型种源，而江西崇义种源显著的磷肥效应仅在造林后头2～3年显示。对于根际土的的化学性质，不同种源虽有较大差异，但根际土的有机质、全氮、水解氮和有效磷含量一般显著高于非根际土。不同种源根际对土壤中的磷都具有活化作用和富集作用，尤其是广东信宜和福建武平两种源对土壤磷的活化和富集作用最为强烈，这可初步解释这两个种源对磷肥不敏感、能适应低(缺)磷胁迫的遗传机制。马尾松不同种源根际土壤并未发生明显的酸化。     

Early response of stand structure and species diversity to strip-clearcut in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Okinawa Island, Japan

Natural regeneration by strip-clearcut has rarely been used for restocking of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the East Asia. To contribute to a better understanding of the likely reasons for either the successful recovery of these forests or failure, the early response of stand structure and tree species diversity to strip-clearcut were studied in Okinawa Island, southwest Japan. The 4,000 m² study area was divided into 10 adjacent sections of equal area with a 10 m × 10 m sampling plot in the center, of which five sections were strip-clearcut while the remaining five sections uncut. Eight-year secondary succession following strip-clearcut showed that the density of woody stems, tree species diversity increased significantly not only in the regenerating stands but also in the residual stands compared to the primary stands. The primary dominant target species, Castanopsis sieboldii, continued to dominate both the regenerating and residual stands although colonizing species invaded abundantly in the stands, occupying approximately one-third of total tree species in each treatment. The community similarity analyses showed that the species composition were similar between the primary stands and the regenerating stands or residual stands reflected the high similarity amongst the primary stands and the regenerating stands or the residual stands. The similar stand structure, high tree species diversity and greater community similarity after strip-clearcut provided no evidence of forest degeneration, suggesting that the regenerating stand might gradually develop into stand similar to that prior to strip-clearcut.     

番茄灰霉病高效拮抗菌株鉴定及抗菌活性研究

采用形态特征观察、生理生化特性测定以及16S rDNA序列分析,对分离于淄博感染灰霉病的大棚番茄土壤样品中的6株拮抗细菌进行了分类鉴定和拮抗活性分析。结果显示,6株细菌形态均为直的杆状,有鞭毛能运动,能生成抗热的芽孢,芽孢椭圆形,革兰氏染色均为阳性,通过对菌株16S rDNA序列进行测定和同源性比对,发现与芽孢杆菌同源性达99%,结合生理生化特性确定B-01、B-02、B-03、B-04为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),B-06为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),B-07为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)。通过滤液抑菌活性测定,B-02、B-06滤液对病原菌有很强的抑制作用,并且在稀释不同倍数时均能抑制灰霉病菌的生长。     

种子引发对盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以A060233×D123-42（T,耐盐性较强）和D168-83XA06148（S,耐盐性较弱）两个玉米杂交组合为实验材料,利用80mmol·L^-1NaCl溶液对种子进行引发处理。采用营养液砂培实验,设4个NaCl浓度（0、120、200和250mmol·L^-1）模拟盐胁迫,研究种子引发处理对NaCI胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：随着NaCl浓度的增加,无论经引发处理,还是未经引发处理,两个玉米杂交组合的出苗率均下降,幼苗生长均受到抑制,干物质积累量均减少。同等NaCl浓度胁迫下,引发处理与未引发处理相比,种子出苗率增加,促进了苗高和根的生长,叶面积、苗干重、根干重和耐盐指数增加,叶绿素和脯氨酸含量升高,地上部和地下部的K^＋／Na^＋值增加。     

白莲二次航天搭载的选育研究

经二次航天搭载后 ,白莲种子SP1代产生广谱分离 ,其生物习性、形态特征及经济生状等出现较大变异 ,其中花型由单瓣变为重瓣或半重瓣 ,并出现部分种子只长立叶 ,不开花 ,部分种子只开花不结蓬、部分种子结蓬后不能正常成熟的现象 ,也出现种子单缸现蕾 9朵 ,花期始蕾期提前 7～ 2 2d ,种子最大单粒重达 1 85g的优良变异 ,这是采用常规育种很少出现的情况     

驼绒藜属植物种子萌发条件及其生理特性的研究

对驼绒藜属3个种的7份材料,研究种子萌发的温度、光照、水分和发芽床等条件。结果表明,驼绒藜属植物种子在25℃恒温及15～25℃变温的条件下萌发状况好,种子活力高;光照与否对种子萌发没有明显的影响。驼绒藜属种子萌发需水量范围为4～7倍于种子重,不同材料的种子萌发最低需间差异显著,其中华北驼绒藜萌发需水量最低(4倍于种子重量)。驼绒藜属植物种子的吸水速率较快,一般为0.6～0.7g/h·g种子,7～8h达到饱和吸胀;纸床为种子最佳发芽床。种子活力测定结果表明,在种间、生态型间和株龄间种子活力差异显著,其中华北驼绒藜种子活力显著高于其它种和生态型;较恶劣生境条件下产生的种子,其活力较低。     

赖氨酸抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的机理研究

为了探讨赖氨酸对铜绿微囊藻的抑制机理,采用人工光照培养箱培养方法,研究了不同浓度的赖氨酸对铜绿微囊藻各种生理生化特性的影响.结果表明,5 mg·L-1以上的赖氨酸对铜绿微囊藻具有致死作用.赖氨酸在抑制铜绿微囊藻细胞ca2 Mg2 -ATPase活性的同时,实现对铜绿微囊藻的抑制.赖氨酸在光照条件下抑制铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a含量并影响其藻胆蛋白组分构成;在黑暗条件下铜绿微囊藻具有微弱的化能异养生长能力;在微弱光照条件下对铜绿微囊藻没有抑制作用,微囊藻也不呈现光能异养生长能力.光合作用系统(PSⅡ)是赖氨酸抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的一个作用位点,赖氨酸通过使叶绿素a含量下降来抑制其光合作用能力.     

野生重瓣大花萱草的选育Ⅱ. 组织培养快速繁殖

为了快速繁殖野生重瓣大花萱草，分别以心叶、带生长点的茎段及成熟叶等为外植体，在MS培养基中分别添加不同质量浓度的2，4－D和6－BA进行愈伤组织培养，结果表明：在MS＋2，4－D 2mg/L 6-BA 1mg/L培养基上，心叶的愈伤组织诱导率最高，为32．7％；带生长点的茎段愈伤组织诱导率为7．3％；成熟叶的愈伤组织诱导率最低，几乎为O；诱导愈伤组织培养基中2，4－D2mg/L 6-BA1mg/L的组合效果最好。再生植株以球状体愈伤组织的分化苗效果最好。