矩形渠道半圆柱形量水槽数值模拟研究

采用RNGk-ε紊流模型封闭时均雷诺方程,VOF方法追踪自由表面,对矩形渠道中两种不同收缩比(0.49、0.67)的半圆柱形量水槽进行三维数值模拟,得到量水槽全域内的流速分布规律、水面线、过槽流量等水力参数,并与实测值、公式计算值进行对比,结果表明,模拟值与二者吻合度较好,从而证明所选紊流数学模型是合理可靠的,为半圆柱形量水槽的设计选型提供了新的方法和依据。     

糙米二次加湿调质工艺优化与试验

为解决干燥后储藏的低含水率稻谷碾米加工时存在整精米率低且能耗高以及单次加湿又无法满足加湿目标的问题,以糙米(含水率12%)为原料,研究二次加湿调质工艺中单次加湿量、润糙温度及润糙间隔时间对整精米率的影响规律.在单因素试验的基础上,采用二次旋转组合设计方法,用SAS软件处理试验数据,并进行验证试验.结果表明,在单次加湿量为1.56%、润糙温度为29.6℃、润糙间隔时间为64.6 min的条件下,整精米率提高15.42%,碾米能耗降低26.86%.     

青钱柳叶三萜大孔吸附树脂纯化工艺

为研究大孔吸附树脂纯化青钱柳三萜的工艺,筛选了适宜的大孔吸附树脂,并通过静态和动态的吸附与解吸试验,确定了纯化工艺参数。结果表明,在供试的3种大孔吸附树脂中,D-101型大孔吸附树脂适合分离青钱柳叶三萜,其吸附量和解吸率分别为57.5mg/g和96.51%;动态吸附青钱柳叶三萜时的最适宜进样流速与进样质量浓度分别为 2BV/h和1.5mg/mL;动态解吸时洗脱剂的最适宜体积分数与洗脱速度分别为50%乙醇和2BV/h。经大孔吸附树脂分离纯化后三萜的纯度是粗提物的4.1倍,得率为74.66%,表明D-101型大孔吸附树脂纯化青钱柳三萜效果较佳。     

微生物对粮食储藏的影响及预防措施

微生物污染是造成粮食变质的重要因素之一.从粮食微生物的来源出发,综述微生物引起的霉变对粮食营养品质、种用品质、工艺品质和食用品质的影响,并提出预防粮食霉变的3项措施,即降低粮食水分、改善储粮条件及定期监测.     

部分发达国家草地碳汇近况及启示

2020年9月和12月,习近平总书记分别在联合国大会和气候雄心峰会上对我国应对气候变化作出重要宣示,对我国林草应对气候变化提出了明确要求,为推进林草碳汇创造了良好机遇。与森林碳汇相比,草地碳汇尚未得到重视和充分研究,而数据显示草地碳汇潜力巨大。美国、欧盟、澳大利亚、日本等从基础研究、方法学体系、碳汇项目试点、完善政策等方面对草地碳汇已进行了较为深入的探索,积累了一定经验。我国草地碳汇潜力巨大,具备了进一步发展的基础条件,将草地碳汇纳入碳市场可助力草原生态建设和生态产品价值实现。为此,我国应充分学习借鉴国外有益经验,进一步加强草地碳汇研究,完善草地碳汇的法律法规、标准、监测核证体系、方法学等基础准备工作,在内蒙古自治区等地启动草地碳汇交易试点,在试点基础上逐步推动草地碳汇纳入碳市场;同时,不断创新完善碳汇研究、基础准备、试点探索方面的政策,进一步展示我国应对气候变化的决心与行动,为应对气候变化树立样板。     

哲罗鱼（♀）与细鳞鱼（♂）杂交种胚胎及仔稚鱼发育

通过性激素药物诱导和人工繁育技术对哲罗鱼(♀)(Hucho taimen)与细鳞鱼(♂)(Brachymystax lenok)进行属间远缘杂交,并对杂交种胚胎及仔稚鱼的发育进行初步研究。结果表明:在水温6.2～8.9℃条件下,哲罗鱼(♀)×细鳞鱼(♂)的杂交受精卵完成胚胎期发育所需的有效积温为5806.70℃·h,整个胚胎发育过程可分为6个阶段,24个发育分期。刚破膜的仔鱼不具有游泳能力,全身透明,体循环清晰可见;7d后卵黄囊期仔鱼口裂明显,头顶部和腹部开始变得浅黄,尾鳍分化不断完成;17d后,仔鱼开始上浮,卵黄囊基本吸收完全,仔鱼具有游泳能力,鳍条和腹部鳞片开始不断分化。上浮40d后仔鱼发育成稚鱼,脂鳍分化和身体两侧鳞片覆盖基本完毕,幼鲑斑开始出现。根据研究结果可以初步断定,该杂交种的胚胎发育速度介于双亲之间,稚鱼期基本具备成鱼形态特征,早期杂交种外部形态略偏向于哲罗鱼,但仔稚鱼期生长较双亲快,推断这种杂交优势的贡献力可能来源于母本。     

Isolation and identification of a viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolate from wild largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in China

Fish rhabdoviruses are a family of viruses responsible for large‐scale fish die‐offs worldwide. Here, we reported the isolation and identification of a member of rhabdoviruses from wild largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in the coastal area of the Pearl River Estuary, China. This virus isolate was identified as viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) by specific RT‐PCR. Furthermore, the virus (VHSVLB2018) was isolated by cell culture using fathead minnow cells and confirmed by RT‐PCR. Electron microscopy showed the presence of bullet‐shaped viral particles in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The complete sequencing of VHSVLB2018 confirmed that it was genome configuration typical of rhabdoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on whole‐genome sequences and G gene nucleotides sequences revealed that VHSVLB2018 was assigned to VHSV genogroup Ⅳa. The pathogenicity of VHSVLB2018 was determined in infection experiments using specific pathogen‐free largemouth bass juveniles. VHSVLB2018‐infected fish showed typical clinical signs of VHSV disease, including darkened skin, petechial haemorrhages and pale enlarged livers, with the cumulative mortalities reached 63.3%–93.3% by 7 days post‐infection. VHSVLB2018 was re‐isolated from dead fish and confirmed by RT‐PCR. Together, this is the first report of isolation and identification of a VHSV isolate from wild largemouth bass in China.     

Identification of a mitochondrial‐targeting secretory protein from Nocardia seriolae which induces apoptosis in fathead minnow cells

Nocardia seriolae is the main pathogen responsible for fish nocardiosis. A mitochondrial‐targeting secretory protein (MTSP) 3141 with an N‐terminal transit peptide (TP) from N. seriolae was predicted by bioinformatic analysis based on the genomic sequence of the N. seriolae strain ZJ0503. However, the function of the MTSP3141 and its homologs remains totally unknown. In this study, mass spectrometry analysis of the extracellular products from N. seriolae proved that MTSP3141 was a secretory protein, subcellular localization research showed the MTSP3141‐GFP fusion protein co‐localized with mitochondria in fathead minnow (FHM) cells, the TP played an important role in mitochondria targeting, and only the TP located at N‐terminus but not C‐terminus can lead to mitochondria directing. Moreover, quantitative assays of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) value, caspase‐3 activity and apoptosis‐related gene (Bcl‐2, Bax, Bad, Bid and p53) mRNA expression suggested that cell apoptosis was induced in FHM cells by the overexpression of both MTSP3141 and MTSP3141ΔTP (with the N‐terminal TP deleted) proteins. Taken together, the results of this study indicated that the MTSP3141 of N. seriolae was a secretory protein, might target mitochondria, induce apoptosis in host cells and function as a virulence factor.     

生态因子对萱藻生长发育影响的研究现状及展望

主要阐述了国内外有关于生态因子对萱藻(Scytosiphon lomentaria)生长发育影响的研究现状,并对有关于萱藻的进一步研究提出了展望。温度、光照、盐度、营养液及抗生素等生态因子均会对萱藻生长发育造成不同程度的影响,温度和光照变化对萱藻生长发育的影响最为明显。萱藻配子体阶段的适宜温度较低,为6～12℃,而孢子体阶段在5～23℃范围内均可生长,生长速度随温度上升而增加;萱藻不同生长阶段的最适光照强度也有所不同,萱藻配子体阶段的最适光照范围为36～54μmol·m^-2·s^-1,较低光强6～30μmol·m^-2·s^-1是萱藻孢子体生长发育的适宜范围,而高光强54μmol·m^-2·s^-1有利于萱藻孢子的附着;盐度、pH对萱藻生长发育影响显著,过高或过低均不利于萱藻生长;不同营养盐、维生素及抗生素对萱藻的生长发育产生的影响不同,在萱藻不同的生长阶段,应根据生长状况及时给予适宜浓度的营养盐或药物添加剂以促进萱藻生长。     

Comparison of effects of dietary‐specific fatty acids on growth and lipid metabolism in Nile tilapia

The dominant fatty acids (FAs) in oils are often used to explain different nutritional effects of dietary oils in fish. However, the amounts of dominant FAs among oils are different, and the nutritional roles of these important FAs in fish have not been precisely compared at similar levels in feeding trials. In the present study, different amounts of palmitic acid were added to safflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO) and fish oil (FO) to obtain comparable amounts (about 550 g/kg of total FAs) of 18:2n‐6, 18:1n‐9 and 20:5n‐3 + 22:6n‐3 and subsequently fed to Nile tilapia (11.1 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. The results showed similar growth among groups but FO group obtained lower fat deposition, serum ALT and AST activities, compared to OO. Lipogenesis‐related gene expressions were higher in OO group than FO group in liver, muscle and adipose tissue, but there were only few differences in these genes between SO and FO groups. Lipid catabolism genes in FO group were higher than OO and SO groups in adipose tissue, but not in muscle, and the significantly higher expressions of CPT1b and PPARα were only observed in liver. Overall, dietary 18:2n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 were beneficial to normal growth and lipid metabolism, whereas high amount of 18:1n‐9 induced lipid deposition and liver damage in Nile tilapia.