复合生态系统理论视角下乡村生态景观营造路径探索

乡村作为以农林渔牧经营为主的社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,以人的活动为主导,自然子系统、社会子系统与经济子系统之间相互依存、制约与补偿,形成人类活动与自然之间的和谐共生关系。本文基于复合生态系统理论,阐释乡村社会-经济-自然系统的相互关系,探讨生态景观作为乡村生态基础设施的营造路径。通过梳理复合生态系统视角下乡村生态景观的自然性、经济性、社会性等基本属性,辨析其空间范畴、要素与功能、权属与生态权益等基本框架,厘清乡村生态景观营造的基本脉络和影响因素。以张家口市崇礼区石窑子乡为例,构建涵盖韧性评估、保育修复、价值转化、管控能力的乡村生态景观营造路径,针对林草交错地区的乡村生态条件和村庄发展特点,进行生态景观的韧性评估,划分林草植被恢复、农林机制重塑、村庄聚落人居3个区域,并提出生态保护修复、生态价值转化路径和生态管控能力提升策略,以期优化乡村生态景观营造方法,为乡村生态振兴和人居环境整治提升提供参考思路。     

1961-2015年吉林省降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征

[目的]分析吉林省1961-2015年降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势,为该省的农业和生态保护、水土保持等工作提供科学依据.[方法]利用吉林省46个自动气象站1961-2015年逐日降雨量资料估算吉林省逐气象站的降雨侵蚀力,并采用相关系数、气候倾向率和反距离空间插值方法分析吉林省降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势.[结果]吉林省年平均降雨侵蚀力在空间分布上从集安开始呈向西北和东北逐渐递减的变化趋势,其空间分布特征与年平均降水量的空间分布特征基本一致.时间分布上与多年平均降水量的时间分布特征具有高度一致性,在7月达到峰值.有34.8％的气象站点降雨侵蚀力呈上升趋势,中、西部大部分地区呈下降趋势,东部有1/2以上呈上升趋势,但只有长白站的下降趋势通过显著性检验.不同地区各年代平均降雨侵蚀力变化也不一致,具有波动性.不同年代各降雨侵蚀力等值线在空间分布上总体变化不大.[结论]吉林省降雨侵蚀力在时空变化上与降水量一致,不同地区降雨侵蚀力变化趋势不一样,几乎没有通过显著性检验.     

Gas sensor array for blueberry fruit disease detection and classification

A conducting polymer gas sensor array (electronic nose) was evaluated for detecting and classifying three common postharvest diseases of blueberry fruit: gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria sp. Samples of ripe rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium virgatum cv. Brightwell) were inoculated individually with one of the three pathogens or left non-inoculated, and volatiles emanating from the fruit were assessed using the gas sensor array 6–10 d after inoculation in two separate experiments. Principal component analysis of volatile profiles revealed four distinct groups corresponding to the four inoculation treatments. MANOVA, conducted on profiles from individual assessment days or from combined data, confirmed that the four treatments were significantly different (P < 0.0001). A hierarchical cluster analysis indicated two super-clusters, i.e., control cluster (non-inoculated fruit) vs. pathogen cluster (inoculated fruit). Within the pathogen cluster, fruit infected by B. cinerea and Alternaria sp. were more similar to each other than to fruit infected by C. gloeosporioides. A linear Bayesian classifier achieved 90% overall correct classification for data from experiment 1. Tenax? trapping of volatiles with short-path thermal desorption and quantification by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to characterize volatile compounds emanated from the four groups of berries. Six compounds [styrene, 1-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) benzene, eucalyptol, undecane, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one, and thujopsene] were identified as contributing most in distinguishing differences in the volatiles emanating from the fruit due to infection. A canonical discriminant analysis model using the relative concentration of each of these compounds was developed and successfully classified the four categories of berries. This study underscores the potential feasibility of using a gas sensor array for blueberry postharvest quality assessment and fungal disease detection.     

不同种类夏绿肥对设施土壤的改良效应

通过盆栽试验研究了3种夏绿肥(羊角豆、柽麻、决明)种植和翻压对设施土壤养分和盐基离子含量的影响,旨在为温室大棚夏季休闲期种植绿肥改良土壤提供科学依据。结果表明:1)种植羊角豆、决明、柽麻60 d后,与对照处理相比,羊角豆、决明、柽麻处理均显著增加了土壤的有效磷含量,增加比例分别为8.6%、13.2%、25.7%;羊角豆和决明处理显著降低了土壤电导率,降低比例分别为25.0%和33.3%,对设施土壤次生盐渍化具有显著的改良趋势。决明、柽麻处理显著降低了(K~++Na~+)/(Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)),降低比例分别为17.0%、35.6%,有助于土壤胶体的凝聚和土壤团粒结构的形成。2)绿肥翻压110 d后,与对照处理相比,羊角豆和决明处理电导率变化不显著,柽麻处理显著增加了电导率,增加比例为50.0%。羊角豆、决明、柽麻均显著增加了土壤的速效钾含量,增加比例分别为23.7%、5.7%、9.4%;羊角豆和决明处理显著增加了土壤全氮含量,增加比例分别为17.8%和26.0%;决明、柽麻均显著降低了(K~++Na~+)/(Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)),降低比例分别为24.1%、18.5%,表明3种绿肥翻压后,培肥效果显著。3)综合来看,种植绿肥有显著改良土壤次生盐渍化的趋势,而绿肥翻压后培肥效果更为显著。因此,温室大棚夏季休闲期,可通过种植生长周期短、吸附能力强的夏绿肥降低土壤的盐基离子总量,改良土壤,但不宜翻压。3种夏绿肥中,推荐决明作为设施大棚夏季休闲期改良土壤的填闲作物。     

Occurrence of Honeysuckle Yellow Vein Virus (HYVV) containing a monopartite DNA-A genome in Korea

Two newly emerged begomoviruses were isolated from naturally infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants grown in greenhouses at Jeju Island and Dangjin in Korea and their genomes were characterized. These viruses-infected plants had very small leaves that curled upward, yellow margins and a leathery appearance, and a bushy and stunted appearance with short internodes. Nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis of their genomes showed that they have a DNA-A component of a monopartite begomovirus. Their genomes comprised 2763 and 2764 nucleotides with six open reading frames. The results of nt sequence similarity analysis of DNA-A genome between the two Korean isolates and isolates of Tobacco leaf curl Japan virus (TbLCJV), Honeysuckle yellow vein virus (HYVV), Honeysuckle yellow vein mosaic virus (HYVMV), and Eupatorium yellow vein virus in Japan (EpYVV) showed that they are likely similar to HYVV-[Masuda] (89.4–92.8% nt identity). Consequently, we tentatively propose the two isolates’ names as HYVV-Jeju and -DJ according to the ICTV geminivirus rules. Phylogenetic relationship analysis of 33 DNA-A genome sequences using PAUP* 4.0b10 and MrBayes revealed that HYVV-Jeju and -DJ belong to the Far East Asian begomovirus species complex. Within the Far East Asian begomovirus species complex, HYVV-Jeju and -DJ are distantly related to EpYVV, HYVMV, and TbLCJV groups. Based on the presence of a recombination fragment spanning the C3 ORF, a recombinant origin was suggested for both HYVV-Jeju and –DJ, with parents close to Japanese isolates HYVMV-[SP1:00] and Eupatorium yellow vein virus (EpYVV)-[Suya]. In addition, the presence of a further recombination fragment spanning the IR suggested the parents of HYVV-DJ were close to HYVV-Jeju and EpYVV-[Suya].     

The organic acid profiles in the feces of pigs at Brachyspira hyodysenteriae- or B. pilosicoli-positive farms

We observed a significant difference in the organic acid profile of diarrheal feces between pigs infected with and free from pathogenic spirochetes. Diarrhea and loose feces were collected from growing pigs, held at 15 different commercial farms. A total of 106 samples were measured for organic acid concentration by HPLC and were checked for the presence of B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli by PCR. B. hyodysenteriae was detected in 3 samples collected from one farm. B. pilosicoli was detected in 5 samples collected from another farm. Lower concentrations of iso-butyrate and iso-valerate were likely associated with development of pathogenic spirochete infection.     

长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌的抑制作用

为探明长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌的作用机理,采用对峙培养、显微观察、孢子萌发、室内防效测定等方法研究其抑制能力和防治效果。结果表明:长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌具有较强的抑制作用,对峙培养7d时,长枝木霉T6菌株对该病菌的抑制率为60.09%;显微形态观察表明:长枝木霉T6菌株菌丝与美洲南瓜枯萎病菌菌丝发生缠绕;长枝木霉T6菌株发酵液对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌分生孢子萌发具有明显的抑制作用,抑制率为31.00%;长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病具有较好的防治效果,室内盆栽防效为69.06%。     

基于TD-SCDMA的农产品安全生产管理与质量追溯系统

针对已有的农产品质量安全生产管理与追溯系统多数基于PC,操作不方便,并且只采集文本信息,而不能传输多媒体信息,随着第三代通信技术的发展使多媒体的实时传输成为可能。本文提出了一种基于TD-SCDMA网络的农产品安全生产管理和质量追溯系统平台,系统综合采用3G、数据库技术、产品编码技术,以.NET为平台,实现了管理员基于PC端的中心管理、生产企业端的基于PC端的生产管理、基于TD-SCDMA的实时信息采集、传输、统计分析、条码生成并打印以及消费者质量追溯功能。该系统主要的生产操作管理和消费者追溯等均基于TD-SCDMA的手机,方便快捷。     

渠道防渗技术新进展

介绍了有关北方混凝土渠道防渗防冻胀技术，土壤固化剂及聚合物纤维混凝土在渠道防渗工程中应用技术，结论认为：采用聚乙烯土工膜，复合土工膜等柔性材料与刚性保护相结合是高寒地区较合理的渠道防渗结构形式；土壤固化剂能与各类土壤发生化学或生物作用，改变土壤结构，亲水性等性质，特别是缺乏砂石料的灌区有广泛的应用空间，聚合物纤维混凝土在灌区渠道防渗工作中可以防止或减少混凝土裂缝，具有高变形能力和耐久性。     

利用分子标记辅助选育大白菜核基因雄性不育系

本研究以含不育基因Ms的大白菜细胞核复等位基因型雄性不育两用系AB01的可育株(MsfMs)为供体亲本,以高代自交系‘a20’(msms)为轮回亲本,采用杂交和连续回交转育方法,利用与不育基因Ms连锁的SCAR标记syau_scr01辅助不育基因Ms选择,成功地将不育基因转育到可育品系‘a20’中,育成了不育度和不育株率均为100%,植物学性状与自交系‘a20’相近的新核不育系GMS4。选择结果表明syau_scr01选择的准确率为100%,验证了该标记可以用于大白菜核不育系转育辅助选择。