Resistance profile of improved cassava germplasm to cassava mosaic disease in Nigeria

Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by a group of begomoviruses and transmitted by whitefly vector is a serious disease in all the cassava-growing areas of Africa. Field evaluation with replication was conducted in 2003 and 2004 in three agroecologies in Nigeria to study the response of 40 cassava genotypes to CMD and to investigate genotype × environment (GE) interactions on their reactions to CMD, using the rank-sum classification and site regression analysis model. The 40 genotypes were separated into resistant (n = 17), moderately resistant (n = 6), moderately susceptible (n = 2) and susceptible (n = 15) groups. Environments, genotypes and GE interactions were all highly significant (P < 0.0001) for the virus disease contributing 9.5%, 71.36% and 19.14%, respectively to total variation. More than 40% of the genotypes were identified as resistant to the disease. Genotypes TMS 98/0581, TMS 99/3073, TMS 97/4763, TMS M98/0040, TMS 98/0505, TMS 97/0211, TMS 97/4769, TMS 99/2123, TMS M98/0068 and TMS 97/0162 were shown to have high resistance to CMD. The study also identified Umudike, in south-east Nigeria, as having high disease severity and the most appropriate site for CMD resistance screening of genotypes. Most of the genotypes exhibited stable resistance to CMD. The implication that the availability of these resistant genotypes as identified in this study could be a source of CMD resistance for further breeding is discussed.     

Diagnostic value of molecular markers for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lr</Emphasis> genes and characterization of leaf rust resistance of German winter wheat cultivars with regard to the stability of vertical resistance

Breeding for resistance is an efficient strategy to manage wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici. However, a prerequisite for the directed use of Lr genes in breeding and the detection of new races virulent to these Lr genes is a detailed knowledge on Lr genes present in wheat cultivars. Therefore, respective molecular markers for 18 Lr genes were tested for specificity and used to determine Lr genes in 115 wheat cultivars. Results obtained were compared to available pedigree data. Using respective molecular markers, genes Lr1, Lr10, Lr26, Lr34 and Lr37 were detected, but data were not always in accordance with pedigree data. However, leaf rust scoring data of field trials confirmed the reliability of DNA markers. These reliable marker data facilitated the analyses of the development of virulent leaf rust races from 2002 to 2009 based on released cultivars. A sudden change from low infection rates to susceptibility was observed for Lr1, Lr3, Lr10, Lr13, Lr14, Lr16, Lr26 and Lr37 since 2006. Cultivars carrying several leaf rust resistance genes showed no significant shift to susceptibility except one cultivar which revealed an increasing infection rate at a low level. In summary, it turned out that pedigree data are often not reliable and a detection of Lr genes by diagnostic markers is fundamental to combine Lr genes in cultivars for a durable resistance against leaf rust, and to conduct reliable surveys based on released cultivars, instead of ‘Thatcher’ NILs.     

Morphological and functional alterations in adult boar epididymis: Effects of prenatal and postnatal administration of flutamide

Background

The dynamic cross-talk between epididymal cells is hormonally regulated and, in part, through direct cell-to-cell interactions. To date, no information is available regarding possible impact of anti-androgens on the proteins involved in the gap junctional communication within the boar epididymis. Thus, a question arised whether prenatal or postnatal exposure to an anti-androgen flutamide alters the expression of gap junction protein - connexin43 (Cx43) and androgen receptor (AR) expression in the caput, corpus and cauda epididymis and leads to delayed effects on morphology and function of adult pig epididymis.

Methods

First two experimental groups received flutamide prenatally on gestational days 20-28 and 80-88 (GD20 and GD80) and further two groups were exposed to flutamide postanatally on days 2-10 and 90-98 after birth (PD2 and PD90). Epididymides were collected from adult boars. Routine histology was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression of Cx43 and AR were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Both analyses were supported by quantitative approaches to demonstrate the variations of the expression levels following the treatment. Apoptotic cells were identified using TUNEL assay.

Results

Histological examination revealed differences in epididymal morphology of flutamide-exposed boars when compared to controls. Scarce spermatic content were seen within the corpus and cauda lumina of GD20, PD2 and PD90 groups. Concomitantly, frequency of epididymal cell apoptosis was significantly higher (p < 0.05) after exposure to flutamide at GD20. Moreover, in GD20, PD2, and PD90 groups, significantly lower AR expression (p < 0.05) was found in the principal and basal cells of the corpus and cauda regions, while in the stromal cells AR expression was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) along the epididymal duct. Concomitantly, a decrease in Cx43 expression (p < 0.05) was noticed in the stromal cells of the cauda region of GD20 and PD2 groups. This indicates high sensitivity of the stromal cells to androgen withdrawal.

Conclusions

The region-specific alterations in the epididymis morphology and scarce spermatic content within the lumina of the corpus and cauda indicate that flutamide can induce delayed effects on the epididymal function of the adult boar by decrease in AR protein levels that results in altered androgen signaling. This may cause disturbances in androgen-dependent processes including Cx43 (de)regulation, however, we can not exclude the possibility that in response to flutamide decreased Cx43 expression may represent one mechanism responsible for functional disturbance of the boar epididymis.     

AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats

Pain management in dogs and cats has undergone a dramatic evolution in the past decade. Current approaches focus on anticipation and prevention of pain, as well as both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management techniques. The veterinary team plays an essential role in educating pet owners about recognizing and managing pain in their pets.     

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in poultry meat products on the Finnish retail market

Background

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria (ExPEC) exist as commensals in the human intestines and can infect extraintestinal sites and cause septicemia. The transfer of ExPEC from poultry to humans and the role of poultry meat as a source of ExPEC in human disease have been discussed previously. The aim of the present study was to provide insight into the properties of ExPEC in poultry meat products on the Finnish retail market with special attention to their prevalence, virulence and phylogenetic profiles. Furthermore, the isolates were screened for possible ESBL producers and their resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was tested.

Methods

The presence of ExPEC in 219 marinated and non-marinated raw poultry meat products from retail shops has been analyzed. One E. coli strain per product was analyzed further for phylogenetic groups and possession of ten virulence genes associated with ExPEC bacteria (kpsMT K1, ibeA, astA, iss, irp2, papC, iucD, tsh, vat and cva/cv) using PCR methods. The E. coli strains were also screened phenotypically for the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and the susceptibility of 48 potential ExPEC isolates for nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was tested.

Results

E. coli was isolated from 207 (94.5%) of 219 poultry meat products. The most common phylogenetic groups were D (50.7%), A (37.7%), and B2 (7.7%). Based on virulence factor gene PCR, 23.2% of the strains were classified as ExPEC. Two ExPEC strains (1%) belonged to [O1] B2 svg+ (specific for virulent subgroup) group, which has been implicated in multiple forms of ExPEC disease. None of the ExPEC strains was resistant to ciprofloxacin or cephalosporins. One isolate (2.1%) showed resistance to nalidixic acid.

Conclusions

Potential ExPEC bacteria were found in 22% of marinated and non-marinated poultry meat products on the Finnish retail market and 0.9% were contaminated with E. coli [O1] B2 svg+ group. Marinades did not have an effect on the survival of ExPEC as strains from marinated and non-marinated meat products were equally often classified as ExPEC. Poultry meat products on the Finnish retail market may have zoonotic potential.     

Fast track participatory approach to release of elite cassava genotypes for various uses in Nigeria’s cassava economy

The aim of the Integrated Cassava Project (ICP) of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture was to pre-emptively manage the cassava mosaic disease (CMD) to avert an imminent and increasing possible threat of the Ugandan strain of the CMD virus of the pathogen from doing damage to the Nigerian cassava economy. The strategy was to engage in activities that would lead to cultivar-substitution by replacing the susceptible varieties on farmers’ fields with superior genotypes that are not only CMD resistant or tolerant but also high yielding with good dry matter content. A fast track participatory selection approach was used in 2 years to release nine new lines in Nigeria. It was intensive and several lessons were learnt. The varieties released after 2 years were TMS 98/0510, TMS 98/0581, TMS 97/2205, TMS 98/0505, TME 419, TMS 92/0326, TMS 96/1632, TMS 98/0002, and TMS 92/0057.