Molecular relationships between Australian annual wild rice,Oryza meridionalis,and two related perennial forms

Background

The perennial, Oryza rufipogon distributed from Asia to Australia and the annual O. meridionalis indigenous to Australia are AA genome species in the Oryza. However, recent research has demonstrated that the Australian AA genome perennial populations have maternal genomes more closely related to those of O. meridionalis than to those found in Asian populations of O. rufipogon suggesting that the Australian perennials may represent a new distinct gene pool for rice.

Results

Analysis of an Oryza core collection covering AA genome species from Asia to Oceania revealed that some Oceania perennials had organellar genomes closely related to that of O meridionalis (meridionalis-type). O. rufipogon accessions from New Guinea carried either the meridionalis-type or rufirpogon-type (like O. rufipogon) organellar genomes. Australian perennials carried only the meridionalis-type organellar genomes when accompanied by the rufipogon-type nuclear genome. New accessions were collected to better characterize the Australian perennials, and their life histories (annual or perennial) were confirmed by field observations. All of the material collected carried only meridionalis-type organellar genomes. However, there were two distinct perennial groups. One of them carried an rufipogon-type nuclear genome similar to the Australian O. rufipogon in the core collection and the other carried an meridionalis-type nuclear genome not represented in the existing collection. Morphologically the rufipogon-type shared similarity with Asian O. rufipogon. The meridionalis-type showed some similarities to O. meridionalis such as the short anthers usually characteristic of annual populations. However, the meridionalis-type perennial was readily distinguished from O. meridionalis by the presence of a larger lemma and higher number of spikelets.

Conclusion

Analysis of current accessions clearly indicated that there are two distinct types of Australian perennials. Both of them differed genetically from Asian O. rufipogon. One lineage is closely related to O. meridionalis and another to Asian O. rufipogon. The first was presumed to have evolved by divergence from O. meridionalis becoming differentiated as a perennial species in Australia indicating that it represents a new gene pool. The second, apparently derived from Asian O. rufipogon, possibly arrived in Australia later.     

Genotyping of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">SiDREB2</Emphasis> gene in worldwide foxtail millet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Setaria italica</Emphasis> (L.) P. Beauv.) genetic resources with special attention to Indian landraces

We genotyped Setaria italica Dehydration-responsive element-binding 2 (SiDREB2) gene, which had been reported to be associated with dehydration stress tolerance, in 588 accessions of foxtail millet from various parts of Eurasia and other regions by a dCAPS marker. Of these, 480 accessions were genotyped in ribosomal DNA (rDNA), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) gene and Heading date 1 (HD1) gene in our previous studies, and 108 accessions from India were newly used in this study and genotyped in these genes in addition to the SiDREB2 gene. We compared the geographical distribution of the SiDREB2 genotypes with that of these three genes. Accessions from countries in South Asia including India and Sri Lanka were the most variable in the SiDREB2 gene followed by Korean accessions and Japanese accessions, suggesting that Indian accessions and East Asian accessions are useful as genetic resources for dehydration stress tolerance. This study also showed that although Indian accessions are not so diverse in rDNA and in transposon display markers previously studied, they are diverse in adaptive genes such as SiDREB2, PPO and HD1 genes.