Use of comparative proteomics to identify the effects of creatine pyruvate on lipid and protein metabolism in broiler chickens

Four hundred male chickens were selected to study the effects of pyruvate (Pyr), creatine pyruvate (CrPyr) and creatine (Cr) on the expression of hepatic mitochondrial and cytoplasm proteins associated with lipid and protein metabolism. Mitochondrial purification was accomplished using the two-step differential centrifugation and density gradient method, and the activities of organelle-specific marker enzymes were determined to assess the purity of the mitochondria. Proteins were extracted and fractionated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the differential protein spots were assessed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. CrPyr reduced fatty acid accumulation by down-regulating adipose differentiation-related protein, inhibited ATP synthase expression, and reduced cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) expression, thus reducing the levels of high density lipoprotein and triglycerol (TG) levels (thereby lowering fat and cholesterol deposition). CrPyr increased the expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 2B, calreticulin (CRT) and eIF3a, thus promoting protein synthesis. CrPyr up-regulated the expression of fatty acid-binding proteins, CETP and apolipoprotein A-IV in cytoplasmic extracts, and these proteins accelerated the decomposition of fatty acids and TG, thus reducing fat deposition. In conclusion, CrPyr plays an important role in lipolysis and protein synthesis, and this effect was more pronounced than was the effect of Pyr and Cr.     

中国兽药行业的发展现状与未来方向

一、现状分析 我国的兽药行业,近20年来伴随着改革开放的步伐,取得了举世瞩目的成就,书写了一个全体行业同仁艰苦奋斗、勇于创新的壮丽诗篇.与80年代初期相比,无论从产品规格、生产规模、还是市场营销,一直到研发与经营管理队伍建设及资本运作都达到了前所未有的高度.全行业显示出巨大的生命活力和诱人的产业前景.据初步统计我国现有兽药企业约2600家,生产品种（规程）约2000～3000种,年产值约150亿元;约有经销商7万多家,年营业额约170亿元,其中销售额在1000万元以上的有220多家,销售额在500万～1000万的有1300多家（于康震2003）,其中以保定冀中药业有限公司、北京保吉安集团公司等为代表的一大批技术先进,管理新颖,产品占有率高的高科技型企业正逐步斩露头角,市场份额不断扩大。     

自贸区动植检快筛实验室建设要素分析

基于前海蛇口自贸区动植物检疫工作的现状和需求,对自贸区动植检快筛实验室的建设要素进行了分析和探讨,提出了以快筛快检、生物安全监测和技术交流平台为主要功能,建立自贸区动植检快筛实验室,并在实验室的建立标准、质量控制和生物安全等方面提出了初步建议,以期为自贸区动植检快筛实验室的建设提供借鉴。     

益生菌发酵饲料对猪的生长和肉质的影响

应用益生菌发酵饲料喂猪,能提高饲料中粗蛋白含量,明显降低猪粪臭味,促进生长、降低料肉比和提高猪肉品质。     

Changes in growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and nutrient digestibility of cherry valley ducks in response to aflatoxin B1 levels

The objective of this study was to investigate toxic effects of aflatoxin B1(AFB₁) on growth performance, organs, hepatic enzyme activities, apparent digestibility of nutrients and digestive enzyme activities in ducks. Ninety 1-day-old Cherry Valley commercial ducks were designed to three treatment groups with three replicates of ten birds each. Group I (control) was fed conventional feed free of AFB₁, group II or III was fed the diets containing 20 μg/kg or 40 μg/kg AFB₁-contaminated rice respectively. The feeding trial lasted 6 weeks. The results were that decreased body weight gain and feed intake, increased feed to gain ratio and selected organ weights (liver, kidney and pancreas) were observed in AFB₁-treated groups. The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly increased in AFB₁-contamined groups. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) was significantly lower while activities of digestive enzyme from duodenum contents including protease, chymotrypsin, trypsin and amylase were increased in AFB₁-treated group. These results indicated that AFB₁ of feed could decrease growth performance and apparent digestibility of nutrients, change digestive enzyme activities of duodenum contents in duck.     

Interpopulation and intrapopulation maternal lineage genetics of the Lanyu pig (Sus scrofa) by analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b and control region sequences

The Lanyu pig is an indigenous breed from the Lanyu Islet, which is southeast of Taiwan. Two herds of Lanyu pigs were introduced from the Lanyu Islet into Taiwan in 1975 and 1980. The current population of conserved Lanyu pigs consists of only 44 animals with unknown genetic lineage. The Lanyu pig possesses a distinct maternal genetic lineage remote from Asian and European pigs. The present study aimed to understand the phylogenetic relationship among conserved Lanyu, Asian, and European type pigs based on the cytochrome b coding gene, to ascertain the maternal lineage and genetic diversity within the conserved Lanyu pigs, and to address whether genetic introgression from exotic or Formosan wild pigs had occurred in the conserved Lanyu pigs. Entire mitochondrial genomes of both types of Lanyu pig comprised 2 ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA, and 13 protein-coding genes. Only 2 haplotypes of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and cytochrome b were identified in the conserved Lanyu pig herds. When maximum likelihood trees were constructed, the Type I Lanyu mitochondrial genes formed a unique clade with a large pairwise distance of both cytochrome b and the control region from Asian and European type breeds, Formosan wild pigs, and exotic breeds. Significant loss of genetic diversity of mtDNA within the conserved Lanyu pigs was demonstrated by low haplotype and nucleotide diversities, supported by Fu and Li's D* neutrality test (1.44055; P < 0.05). The mtDNA control region sequences of extant pigs in the Lanyu Islet, however, showed high haplotype and nucleotide diversity, and clustered with exotic pigs. These results indicate no maternal lineage mtD-NA gene introgression from Formosan wild pigs and introduced exotic pigs to conserved Type I Lanyu pigs, and a severe loss of heterozygosity of mtDNA in conserved Lanyu pigs. The remaining extant pigs on the Lanyu Islet have been introgressed with exotic breeds. Strategies for future conservation of native Lanyu pigs are now even more urgent and important.     

江苏省菜籽饼粕的抗营养因子含量分析

收集华东省市当家的甘蓝型、白菜和芥菜型油菜籽品种２０个，经１０５℃３０分钟处理，小型６２机冷榨取饼，测定ＯＺＴ．ＩＴＣ，得出甘蓝型高硫葡萄糖苷品种在饼中的总苷量最高９．３６ｍｇ／ｇ，比苷蓝型低硫葡萄糖苷品种含总苷２．９５ｍｇ／Ｇ高出２倍。白菜型平均总苷３．１３ｍｇ／ｇ；芥菜型含３．５６ｍｇ／ｇ。以淮油６号、秦油２号菜籽作破碎或干热与否的前处理比较，总苷量以未破碎、未干热的菜饼最高，分别含９．８２ｍｇ／ｇ、１０．６４ｍｇ／ｇ；破碎又干热的菜饼总苷最低，分别为８．６９、７．０１ｍｇ／ｇ。以宁油７号品种为例用６２型冷榨总苷最高为１０．７７ｍｇ／ｇ，９５型其次５．１４ｍｇ／ｇ，２００型最低２．５５ｍｇ／ｇ。采集本省各地大、中、小型油厂、油坊的菜饼粕２１个样，２００型菜粕总苷为２．８ｍｇ／ｇｃｖ４５％，９５型３．３９ｍｇ／ｇ，ｃｖ３９．６％。２００型与９５型在加工过程中产生游离总苷量接近，分别为０．３８和０．４１ｍｇ／ｇ。由芥子酶或酶水解产生的腈类化合物以２００型的菜粕中含量高，平均含１３１８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ｃｖ７９．７％；９５型含３１８ｍｇ／ｇｃｖ１３２％，其中３６％样本未检出腈量。菜饼粕单宁平均含０．８２％；植酸平均?     

Anti-nutritional effects of a moderate dose of soybean agglutinin in the rat.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a moderate dose of purified soybean agglutinin on performance and nitrogen digestibility in rats as well as to determine its effects on the protein, DNA and RNA content of the small intestine and pancreas. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allotted into one of four groups for a 10-day nitrogen balance experiment. The four groups of rats were fed 7 g of a casein-cornstarch based diet or a similar diet supplemented with 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mg/g purified soybean agglutinin. All experimental diets were adjusted to an identical nutrient level. Dose of soybean agglutinin had no significant effect on rat performance. Incorporation of soybean agglutinin in the diet reduced apparent protein digestibility and the utilization of dietary protein by increasing nitrogen loss from the faeces and urine. Fresh pancreatic weight increased in rats fed soybean agglutinin at a level of 0.4 mg/g in the diet compared to the control, but the dry pancreatic weight and the protein content of the pancreas did not differ among the four groups. However the DNA and RNA content of the pancreas had a tendency to increase with a higher level of soybean agglutinin. The weight of the jejunum and its protein, DNA and RNA content were not significantly affected by soybean agglutinin, but the dry weight and the RNA of the jejunum tended to increase with higher levels of soybean agglutinin in the diet. In conclusion, purified soybean agglutinin, at moderate levels in the rats diet, had negative effects on digestive function, such as nitrogen digestibility, nitrogen retention and nitrogen balance. As the level of soybean agglutinin increased, the effects became more pronounced. Meanwhile, hypertrophy of the pancreas was observed with higher doses of soybean agglutinin incorporation in the diets.     

野蚕越冬卵的孵化和年发生代数的研究

研究证实(1980—1984年),嘉湖平原野蚕年发生三代.越冬卵始孵期为四月中旬,盛期为六月中旬.但近半个世纪以来.很多人一直误认为四月中旬发生的野蚕是第一代,六月下旬发生的为“第二代”,事实上都是越冬卵孵化的幼虫.均为第一代.经测定,四月下旬越冬卵孵化率为0.15%,5月下旬为7.9%,6日20日为91%.本区野蚕产越冬卵最的早在9月17日,高峰期在11月上旬.结束期在12月14日,越冬卵产出越早,翌年卵孵期也早,孵化的早和迟之间可相差122天.野蚕越冬卵翌年孵化期长的原因.与秋冬产卵期长及桑园生态环境复杂有关.据室内4月24日越冬卵孵化的幼虫连续饲养,到第三代卵期恰与室外第二代卵期相重叠,说明自然界发生第四代是可能的,但真正存活率在1%以下.在防治措施上,以在越冬卵孵化高峰期(6月15—20日)施用0.1%敌敌畏.防效最好.     

早期妊娠猕猴孕激素水平的检测

利用全自动化学发光免疫分析仪检测正常未妊娠的与不同孕期猕猴血清中雌二醇及孕酮的分泌水平。结果表明孕5d、10d、25d、30d血清孕酮比正常猕猴的分泌水平有非常明显的上升（P〈0.01）,孕15d也有显著的上升（P〈0.05）;孕15d、20d的雌二醇分泌水平比正常组有非常显著升高（P〈0.01）,而孕5d、10d、2...