林火碳排放研究进展

火是森林生态系统主要的干扰因子, 森林火灾的频繁发生不仅使森林生态系统遭到破坏, 同时也造成了含碳温室气体的大量释放。综述了火烧面积、森林可燃物以及燃烧效率等主要因子对森林火灾排放碳量估计的影响, 分析了这一领域未来研究发展趋势。大量研究表明:1)卫星遥感是估测大尺度上森林过火面积的主要手段, 随着高分辨率卫星的应用, 森林火灾面积的估计精度不断得到提高。目前的研究主要集中于大尺度上林火面积的估计和估算方法的改进。2)遥感数据是目前估计大尺度可燃物燃烧量的有效手段, 利用遥感数据的同时结合有效可燃物计算模型, 运用多元线性与非线性分析结合等方法提高对可燃物燃烧量的估计。3)燃烧效率是决定可燃物消耗量的主要因子, 也是估计森林火灾释放含碳气体量的关键。未来的研究是利用高分辨率的遥感数据, 结合复杂的可燃物计算模型, 更精确地估计林火碳排放。     

基于产业内贸易视角的中俄木质林产品贸易现状分析

文中首先从贸易规模和贸易结构2个方面分析中国与俄罗斯两国间木质林产品贸易现状, 然后运用产业内贸易GL指数和Bruelhart边际产业内贸易指数对1994—2013年20年间中俄两国不同种类木质林产品和整体木质林产品产业内贸易发展水平进行实证分析, 最后对两国间木质林产品产业内贸易类型进行划分和测算.结果表明, 尽管中俄木质林产品贸易规模在不断扩大, 但产业内贸易水平总体偏低, 贸易方式仍以产业间贸易为主, 中俄木质林产品贸易呈现出较强的互补性.     

太白山林木真菌病害的垂直分布

我们对秦岭主峰太白山的林木真菌病害的分布规律进行了多年的探讨,结果表明,太白山林木真菌病害可划分为四个垂直分布带。即低山、低中山阔叶林叶点霉病和白粉病分布带;中山、高中山阔叶林锈病和立木腐朽分布带;中高山针叶林散斑病分布带;高山灌丛漆斑病分布带。     

Effects of six years of simulated N deposition on gross soil N transformation rates in an old-growth temperate forest

Elevated atmospheric nitrogen(N) deposition has been detected in many regions of China, but its effects on soil N transformation in temperate forest ecosystems are not well known. We therefore simulated N deposition with four levels of N addition rate(N0, N30, N60, and N120) for6 years in an old-growth temperate forest in Xiaoxing'an Mountains in Northeastern China. We measured gross N transformation rates in the laboratory using ~(15)N tracing technology to explore the effects of N deposition on soil gross N transformations taking advantage of N deposition soils. No significant differences in gross soil N transformation rates were observed after 6 years of N deposition with various levels of N addition rate. For all N deposition soils, the gross NH_4~+ immobilization rates were consistently lower than the gross N mineralization rates,leading to net N mineralization. Nitrate(NO_3~-) was primarily produced via oxidation of NH_4~+(i.e., autotrophic nitrification), whereas oxidation of organic N(i.e., heterotrophic nitrification) was negligible. Differences between the quantity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea were not significant for any treatment, which likely explains the lack of a significant effect on gross nitrification rates. Gross nitrification rates were much higher than the total NO_3~- consumption rates,resulting in a build-up of NO_3~-, which highlights the high risk of N losses via NO_3~- leaching or gaseous N emissions from soils. This response is opposite that of typical N-limited temperate forests suffering from N deposition,suggesting that the investigated old-growth temperate forest ecosystem is likely to approach N saturation.     

软枣猕猴桃组培工厂化生产育苗成本核算

根据软枣组培苗生产实践的资料数据,以年生产 100 万株软枣组培成品苗的规模进行其生产成本核算和分析,结果表明：软枣猕猴桃组培育苗整个生产成本包含材料费、水电费、人工劳务费、基建折旧、设备折旧5个部分,单株成本为1.635元。从整个成本结构中分析,劳务、基建、材料三项占主要部分,其中劳务费占总成本的 31.07%,基建折旧费占比29.66%,二者占据了总成本的60.73%的占比。通过成本核算分析,为降低软枣猕猴桃组培规模化育苗中的生产费用提供依据,并将为研究猕猴桃其他品种组培育苗成本提供借鉴,最大限度的促进研究与生产的结合。     

黄土高原不同林型对土壤物理性质影响的研究

通过黄土高原不同林型对土壤物理性质影响的研究得出:1.两林区各乔木林型下表层土壤砂粒、粗砂粒、中砂粒、细砂粒,各平均含量均为:乔木林地>灌木林地>农地;其剖面平均含量亦是如此;在剖面中的分布,随土层加深,含量降低;2.表层土壤粗粉粒平均含量为:灌木林地>乔木林地,低龄林地>中龄林地>高龄林地,中粉粒与细粉粒之和则是相反;3.表层土壤物理性粘粒平均含量为:乔木林地>灌木林地,高龄林地>中龄林地>低龄林地;4.土壤含水量为:乔木林地>灌木林地>农地。     

集水区内森林生态系统的养分分析

在湖南省会同县森林生态系统定位站小集水区杉木人工林生态系统中,对植被、土壤和水分的营养元素(N,P,K,ca,Mg)进行分析测定,结果表明:系统中植被的养分含量,因器官类型、生长季节和年龄的不同而不相同;土壤养分含量,因立地条件类型的差别而有明显的差异;水分中的营养元素,随天气状况、降水性质和时间的变化而发生变化,并阐述了进行此类研究的方法及应予引起注意的问题。可供进行类似研究时参考。     

黄连木结实期年生长规律的研究

黄连木具有抗干旱、耐瘠薄、适应性强的特点,最太行山石灰岩山地阳坡造林的良好树种。本文对黄连木结实期大树的年生长发育规律进行了较系统的观测调查,为太行山石灰岩山地黄连木林的营造及经营管理了依据。     

杨树因伤诱导型启动子的克隆及功能分析

机械损伤或病虫害侵扰引起植物一系列防御相关基因的激活,其中一些是因伤诱导表达的．Ｂｒａｄｓｈａｗ等１９８９年报道了杨树Ｗｉｎ３基因家族中的一员,其编码产物类似于白薯和豆类胰蛋白酶抑制剂,并且是因伤诱导表达的。为了更全面的了解这一基因启动子在因伤介导表达中的作用,探讨其在基因工程用于控制外源基因表达的可能性,本文分别从欧洲黑杨（Ｐ．ｎｉｇｒａ）和美洲黑杨（Ｐ．ｄｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓ）中扩增出ｗｉｎ３基因启动子ＷＩＮＰ（７０５ｂｐ）和ＷＩＤＰ（７９１ｂｐ）．这两个启动子与来自大肠杆菌的ＧＵＳ基因融合,通过根癌农杆菌Ｔｉ质粒转化系统引入烟草中．证实了ＷＩＮＰ和ＷＩＤＰ控制的ＧＵＳ基因的表达不仅在损伤部位,而且具有系统的因伤诱导效应．对８株转基因烟草的组织化学分析表明,其表达模式与以前的报道一致。无论是在受损伤组织还是完整组织中,ＷＩＮＰ的伤诱导活性总比ＷＩＤＰ高。这两个启动子需要进一步改造以增强其活性。     

Supercritical extracts of forest fuels in Great Xing’an Mountains

Extracts are important components of fuels.Fatty-extracts with high heating value(HV) are hypothesized by researchers as positively related to the HV of fuels.The Soxhlet extractor is typically used to extract fatty-extracts but it has shortcomings,including long processing time(8–10 h) and the requirement for large amounts of organic solvent.Supercritical extraction is an alternate and useful technique for extraction of natural products.However,published studies rarely discuss the relationship between extracts and HV.In this study,we assessed the supercritical extracts(Su E) of forest fuels in the Great Xing'an Mountains.Our results indicated that the optimum conditions for extraction of Su Es were40–60 mesh,40–50 MPa,45 °C,80 min and a CO_2 flow rate of 1.5–2.0 dm~3/min.The Soxhlet extracts contents and the Su E contents were all related to HV.However,R~2 of the coniferous samples(0.8499) and needle samples(0.9722) demonstrated that the correlation between HV and the Su E content was closer.We conclude that supercritical fatty-extracts provide a useful index of the HV of fuels,especially coniferous fuels.Su E data can be used in fire management,for example to estimate the rate of fire spread or fire intensity.