Transport and adsorption of antibiotics by marine sediments in a dynamic environment

Background, aim, and scope  Bed sediments are the major sink for many contaminants in aquatic environments. With increasing knowledge of and research on the environmental occurrence of antibiotics, there has been growing interest in their behaviour and fate in aquatic environments. However, there is little information about the behaviour of antibiotics in a dynamic water/sediment environment, such as river and coastal marine water. Therefore, the aims of the present study were: (1) to study the transport and distribution of four common antibiotics between water and sediment in both dynamic and quiescent water/sediment systems and (2) to understand the persistence and possible degradation of the four antibiotics in the two different systems. Materials and methods  A lid-driven elongated annular flume, designed to reduce the centrifugal effect, was used to simulate a dynamic water environment. In addition, a quiescent water/sediment experiment was conducted for comparison with the dynamic water system. The seawater and sediment, used in both experiments of flowing and quiescent water/sediment systems, were collected from Victoria Harbour, a dynamic coastal environment in an urban setting. The four antibiotics selected in this study were ofloxacin (OFL), roxithromycin (RTM), erythromycin (ETM), and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), the most commonly used antibiotics in South China. Results and discussion  Antibiotics in an overlying solution decreased very quickly in the flume system due to the sorption to suspended particles and surface sediment. There were significant differences in the adsorption of the four antibiotics in sediment. OFL showed a high tendency to be adsorbed by sediment with a high K _d value (2980 L/Kg), while the low K _d values of SMZ indicated that there was a large quantity in water. The four antibiotics reached a depth of 20–30 mm in the sediment over a period of 60 days in the flume system. However, the compounds were only found in surface sediment (above 10 mm) in the quiescent system, indicating the influence of the dynamic flume system on the distribution of antibiotics in sediment. OFL showed a moderate persistence in the dynamic flume system, while other three antibiotics had less persistence in sediment. However, all of the four compounds showed moderate persistence in the quiescent system. Recommendations and perspectives  The study showed the rapid diffusive transfer of antibiotics from water to sediment in the dynamic flume system. The four antibiotics exhibited larger differences in their adsorption to sediment in both dynamic and quiescent systems due to their different K _d values. The high sorption of antibiotics to marine sediment may reduce their availability to benthic invertebrates.     

木薯SRAP扩增体系的建立与优化

建立适宜木薯DNA的SRAP扩增体系,为木薯分子标记和基因图谱的构建打下基础.以木薯基因组DNA为模板,采用序列相关扩增多态性(sequence related amplified polymorphism,SRAP)技术对木薯DNA进行PCR扩增,运级优化反应参数.最佳SRAP-PCR反应体系(10L1)为:DNA(50ng/μl)0.5μl、10×PCR buffer(Mg2 )1.0μl、dNTPs(20mM)0.21μl、primer(50ng)0.3μl、Taq polymerase(5U/μl)0.21μl.该程序和体系能很好地满足木薯基因组SRAP扩增的要求,SRAP标记能够很好应用于木薯遗传研究.     

施肥对芹菜生长及硝酸盐含量的影响

在砂质潮土上研究了不同施氮量和生物菌剂接种对芹菜生长及硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明,无论是否接种生物菌剂,增施氮肥均有利芹菜产量的提高。在等氮量条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae “93”显著促进芹菜产量的提高。随着施氮量的增加,芹菜硝态氮含量大幅增加,Vc含量呈下降趋势。为获得相同的产量目标,通过接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae “93”可以显著降低氮肥的施用量,并因而大幅减少芹菜硝酸盐的累积。     

环境教育现状及未来环境教育途径的探讨

对环境问题进行分析．结合目前环境教育现状和存在问题，初步探索出未来环境教育的途径。     

小麦穗蚜及其天敌的空间生态位分析

对合肥地区小麦穗期的三种蚜虫及其主要天敌的生态位宽度及重叠值进行了测定,分析了各种群在资源利用方面的种间关系。三种蚜虫蚜茧峰、瓢虫主要分布在麦株40cm以上的部位,每两种群之间的垂直生态位重叠值都达0.7以上;每种水平生态位宽度值都在0.6以上,每两种群之间水平生态位重叠值都在0.63以下。生态位随时间有一定的变化。麦蚜天敌的优势类群为蚜茧峰。     

扎龙自然保护区丹顶鹤3个小群体遗传变异水平的比较

应用6个微卫星分子标记位点评价了扎龙自然保护区包括野生、散养和笼养丹顶鹤3个小群体的遗传变异水平,以及野生与散养小群体间的基因流水平。结果表明,3个丹顶鹤小群体均表现出较高且相近的遗传变异水平,杂合度期望值(HE)为野生0.83300,散养0.80000,圈养0.81000,F-Statistics结果有97.5%以上的遗传多样性存在于群体内。同时还应用两种计算方法计算了野生与散养丹顶鹤小群体间基因流水平:应用稀有等位基因法计算两个小群体间的基因流值为每代1.9个个体;应用FST指数计算方法,并根据基因流值计算公式得出基因流值Nm为1个个体。这个基因流水平和机制能够维持扎龙自然保护区野生与散养丹顶鹤小群体间相近且较高的遗传变异水平。     

残膜对土壤水分入渗和蒸发的影响及不确定性分析

为探究残膜对土壤水分入渗和蒸发过程的影响规律,通过室内土柱试验,设置6个残膜量水平（0、80、160、320、640和1 280 kg/hm2）,研究了残膜对湿润锋运移、土壤水分分布、累积入渗量和累积蒸发量及其不确定性的影响。结果表明：随残膜量增加,湿润锋垂直运移速率和累积入渗量逐渐减小;残膜量>80 kg/hm2时,湿润锋运移速率大幅下降;累积蒸发量随残膜量增加而递减而蒸发系数呈递增趋势,土壤保水能力减弱;随残膜量增加,0～10和20～45 cm含水率呈降低趋势,而土壤水分的变异系数呈增加趋势,残膜加剧了土壤水分垂直分布的变异性,残膜量>320 kg/hm2的处理会出现表土层“板结”现象;基于Gibbs抽样算法分析表明,Kostiakov入渗模型和Rose蒸发模型各参数的95%后验置信区间上下限的差值和标准差均随残膜量增加而增大,累积入渗量和累积蒸发量的95%后验置信区间面积呈增大趋势,土壤累积入渗量和累积蒸发量的不确定性随残膜增多而增强。该研究可探明残膜污染区的土壤水分运动规律,并为提高Kostiakov模型、Rose模型的模拟效率和模拟精度提供参考。     

白木香基因组DNA提取与ISSR反应体系的优化

白木香为瑞香科沉香属植物,是中国特有的珍贵药用植物,也是国产沉香药材唯一资源植物,现已濒临灭绝,被载入<中国植物红皮书>采用改良CTAB法提取白木香DNA较传统方法简单高效.通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和OD260/OD280比值测定,所得基因组DNA纯度高,可作为ISSR等以PCR为基础的DNA多态性标记.通过优化影响白木香ISSR-PCR的主要参数,确立了适用于白木香的ISSR反应体系和扩增条件.结果表明在20μl反应体中,模板DNA、引物、Mg2+、dNTP和Taq DNA聚合酶5种主要成分的最适浓度分别为25 ng、0.8 μmol/L、2.5 mm01/L、0.2 mmol/L、1.0 U,扩增出足量产物至少需要35个循环.     

盐酸咪唑苯脲W/O型乳剂的处方工艺筛选

旨在筛选盐酸咪唑苯脲W/O型乳剂的基础处方.采用单因素分析方法对油相、乳化剂的种类及用量、油水比例进行筛选以及采用正交试验对处方工艺进行优化;确定了盐酸咪唑苯脲W/O型乳剂的基础处方,最终筛选出白油为最佳油相、亲水性乳化剂OP-10为最佳乳化剂,初步确定白油、亲脂性乳化剂司盘-80、亲水性乳化剂OP-10为最佳处方组合,乳化剂的最佳用量为处方量的10%,油水最佳比例为7∶3.确定最佳乳化温度为50℃,最佳乳化时间为3 min,最佳乳化速度为8000 r/min.通过上述处方筛选及工艺优化,制备了2%的盐酸咪唑苯脲W/O型乳剂.     

高效液相色谱法测定芦荟及芦荟制品中的芦荟甙

建立测定芦荟及芦荟制品中芦荟甙含量的高效液相色谱方法.用甲醇超声提取、反相液相色谱法紫外检测器检测,根据色谱峰的保留时间定性,外标法定量.采用ODS柱,以甲醇一醋酸(体积比50:50)为流动相,紫外检测器于359nm处检测.结果表明:芦荟甙的进样量为10μL、流速1.0mL/min和柱温40℃时,进样量与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999);样品加标回收率为96.8%～102.0%;方法的精密度好,变异系数(CV)小于4.6%(n=10);方法检测限为0.05 mg/kg.方法快速、简便、准确,所测结果稳定、重现性好,可作为芦荟及芦荟制品中质量检验的一种定量方法.