The toxicity of deltamethrin to pine beauty moth Panolis flammea schiff. and its parasitoids Barichneumon bilunulatus grav. and Rictichneumon pachymerus katz

The toxicity of deltamethrin to larvae of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea Schiff., and its two parasitoid species, Barichneumon bilunulatus Grav. and Rictichneumon pachymerus Katz., was evaluated. Two methods, exposure of insects on treated filter paper and topical application of insecticide, were used. Results showed that larvae of the pest were many times more susceptible to deltamethrin than imagines of either of the two parasitoid species.     

Structure—activity relationship for some substituted dialkyl vinyl phosphates

The biological activity against the house fly, Musca domestica L., is reported for a series of dialkyl 2-bromo-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)vinyl phosphates. Maximum activity and the lowest degree of synergism with piperonyl butoxide were found with the dimethyl ester. Good activity was also shown by the diethyl ester. Both these compounds, used at the same dose, inhibited fly-head acetylcholinesterase. Compounds with longer alkyl chains were less effective and did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase.     

Influence of zeolite A supplementation during the dry period of dairy cows on feed intake, on the macro and trace element metabolism around calving and milk yield in the following lactation

The object of the present study was to determine the influence of zeolite A, a calcium binder from the group of the aluminosilicate, on feed intake, macro and trace element metabolism as well as the milk yield in the following lactation in dairy cows. 46 cows were allotted to 2 groups (A--control group and B--experimental group). They were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum 2 weeks before calving. Additionally the cows in group B received 90 g zeolite A/kg dry matter (DM). The individually feed intake was registered daily. The serum was analysed for Ca, Mg, and Pi (inorganic phosphate), Fe, FFA (free fatty acid) and beta-HB (hydroxybutyrate) and the plasma for the trace elements Cu, Zn, and Mn. After calving the milk yield (FCM) and the milk composition (fat, protein, lactose and urea) were analysed. Feed intake of group B, amounting to 6.2 +/- 1.3 kg DM/d was around 48% lower as compared to 12.0 +/- 1.4 kg DM/d for group A. The zeolite addition into the TMR showed a stabilizing effect on the average Ca concentration in the serum around calving. This effect led to a significantly lower Mg concentration on the day of calving and 1 day post partum. The Pi concentration was significantly lower already after the 1st week of zeolite supplementation and on the day of calving as compared to group A. There was no essential effect of zeolite A on the trace element concentration. The depression of feed intake for group B led to a significant increase of FFA one week after beginning zeolite supplementation and of beta-HB around calving. The feed intake post partum as well as the milk yield were not affected by zeolite supplementation. Because decreased feed intake of group B after zeolite supplementation and the occurred hypophosphatemia, it is not acceptable to use zeolite A in the proved dose for preventing milk fever.     

Identification of Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in Selections from Moroccan Barley Landraces

Abstract

The formation of yield in two different combinations: vetch with wheat or oats, and the effect of vetch on yield potential of cereals has been investigated in Estonian field experiments over three years. We found that the inclusion of vetch seed in cereal seed and increase of its seed density led to considerable decrease in the yield of the cereal component (R=0.980–0.998). The adverse effect of vetch on cereal yield led to a reduction in wheat yield by up to 1861?kg?ha^?1 on average for the three years, and in oats yield by up to 1413?kg?ha^?1. One reason for the decreases in cereal yields was the formation of smaller grains in cereals under increased vetch seed densities. As a three-year average, the wheat 1000-seed weight decreased by up to 6.3 g while the corresponding figure for oats under identical conditions was 2.5 g. The inclusion of vetch in a crop and the increase of its seed density led to a substantial increase in the protein content of cereal grains. In oats, the change in grain protein content was smaller. At the same time, the maximum protein yield per area unit in cereals was obtained from their monocultures. In a mix with vetch, the amounts of nitrogen consumed by cereals decreased and protein yield of cereals per area unit reduced at higher vetch seed densities. Vetch-cereal mixes had an advantage over cereal monocultures as far as protein yield was concerned. In vetch-wheat and vetch-oats mixes the maximum protein yield was 500?kg?ha^?1 and 438?kg?ha^?1, respectively, on average for the three years. Of the two combinations, vetch-oats mixed crop gave the highest yield of grain, whereas the higher mixed crop yield resulted from the oats component. Oats is somewhat more competitive with vetch than wheat. Vetch-wheat mixed crop gave the highest protein yield because the protein content of wheat grains was higher than oat grains. Legume-cereal mixes are particularly suited for the conditions of organic farming as they ensure a relatively good harvest and a high protein yield.     

Rye Flour Extraction Rate Affects Maillard Reaction Development,Antioxidant Activity,and Acrylamide Formation in Bread Crisps

This report shows the effect of rye flour extraction rate on Maillard reaction, antioxidant activity, and acrylamide formation during toasting of rye bread crisps. Four rye flours with extraction rates of 70, 85, 95, and 100% were tested. Maillard reaction development was studied by measuring browning development, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and glucosilisomaltol (GIM) formation, as well as antioxidant activity. Results showed that HMF and GIM concentrations in toasted bread crisps were higher as the flour extraction rate increases. Antioxidant activity increased during toasting as a consequence of antioxidant Maillard reaction product formation. Acrylamide concentration was clearly affected by free asparagine content of flour, while no effect of dietary fiber and natural antioxidant content of flours had an effect on acrylamide formation. Overall data suggest that the rate of Maillard reaction is higher in whole flours because of their higher free amino acid and protein content.     

In vitro antioxidant activities of barley, husked oat, naked oat, triticale, and buckwheat wastes and their influence on the growth and biomarkers of antioxidant status in rats

The study was aimed at verification of the following hypothesis: differences in antioxidant capacity of diets consisting of different cereals and byproducts affect the antioxidant status of the consumers of these diets. To validate that hypothesis this study investigated the contents of polyphenols and alpha-tocopherol as well as the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in vitro of cereals and their fractions (barley, husked and naked oat, oat bran, and triticale); the nutritional and antioxidant properties of diets containing these cereals, applied in a 4-week feeding experiment on rats, were also assessed. Among the cereals examined, the highest TAC was reported for barley (13.16 micromol of Trolox/g) and the lowest for naked oat (3.84 micromol of Trolox/g). Compared with cereals, the TAC of buckwheat waste was 2-3 times higher (25.2 micromol of Trolox/g). The antioxidant capacity of diets, calculated in vitro, ranged from 6.35 micromol of Trolox/g for naked oat type diet to 10.51 micromol of Trolox/g for barley type diet. Results of an in vitro study were confirmed in changes of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in the serum of rats fed diets with the highest and lowest antioxidant capacities in vitro; the barley diet increased the activity of GPx (37.63 units/mL) and decreased the level of TBARS (4.82 microg/g), whereas the naked oat diet had an opposite effect (31.16 units/mL and 5.91 microg/g, respectively).     

Antioxidant contents and antioxidative properties of traditional rye breads

The purpose of this research was to find out the effect of flour extraction rate on the antioxidative properties of traditional rye bread and then to compare the bioactive compounds content and antioxidant properties of rye breads with commercial wheat roll. Four types of rye flour with different extraction rates of 100 (whole meal dark flour), 95 (brown flour), 90 (brown flour), and 70% (light flour) originated from Warko rye cultivar were used for traditional bread baking with sourdough fermentation. Four types of the respective rye breads were analyzed for their potentially beneficial components, including tocopherols and tocotrienols, total phenolics and flavonoids, reduced glutathione, and inositol hexaphosphates. Moreover, the phenolic acids profile was provided. The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of the breads was evaluated using free radical scavenging activities of 80% methanol extracts against ABTS*+ radical cation (ABTS radical cation decolorization method) whereas radical scavenging activity (RSA) was determined against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*). The superoxide dismutase-like activity (SOD-like activity) was evaluated as free radical scavenging activities of PBS extracts against superoxide anion radicals (O2*-). The results were compared to whole meal rye bread as well as to wheat roll taken as representative example of wheat based bakery product. The studies showed that flour extraction rates strongly affected the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidative properties of traditionally baked rye breads. The incorporation of the rye flours with extraction rates from 100 down to 70% in the formulation caused decrease in tocopherol (T), tocotrienol (T3), inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), and phenolic compound (TPC) contents in rye breads. No changes in reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were noted between each type of rye bread. A significant decrease in Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and radical DDPH scavenging activity was also found in bread formulated on flour with an extraction rate of 70% in comparison to the breads formulated on flour with extraction rates from 100 to 90%. The highest SOD-like activity was noted for rye bread formulated on flour with an extraction rate of 70%. The four types of rye breads showed better antioxidative properties and higher antioxidant contents when compared to wheat roll with one exception made to tocopherols and tocotrienols.     

Comparison of spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods for the evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of buckwheat products after hydrothermal treatment

This paper reports the use of spectrophotometric and voltammetric methods for the determination of the antioxidant capacity of buckwheat and its products originated from a technological line of a buckwheat roasted groats producer. 80% methanol extracts from raw and roasted buckwheat and groats and hulls obtained from roasted buckwheat were used. The spectrophotometric methods included (1) free radical scavenging activities of the extracts against ABTS*+ radical cation (TEAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH RSA) and (2) determination of reducing capacity by the means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) application. The radical scavenging activities of the extracts were also investigated using a voltammetric assay. Moreover, the flavonoids profiles of the studied materials were provided. Buckwheat roasting caused a decrease in TEAC, DPPH RSA, and FCR reducing capacity by 70%. The lowest TEAC, DPPH RSA, and FCR reducing capacities were noted for roasted groats. Both DPPH RSA and TEAC methods were highly positively correlated with the FCR reducing capacity assay (r = 0.98 and r = 0.99). Cyclic voltammograms of analyzed buckwheat extracts were useful for evaluation of the antioxidant capacity. The total charge below the anodic current waveform was correlated with the data obtained by TEAC (r = 0.770), DPPH RSA (r = 0.88), and FCR reducing capacity (r = 0.81). The changes in the antioxidant capacity of buckwheat and its products followed the changes in flavonoids composition. In particular, the concentration of flavonoids was related to measurements by cyclic voltammetry.     

The effect of single D-genome chromosomes on aluminum tolerance of triticale

Aluminum tolerance of two sets of hexaploidtriticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack)lines with disomic substitutions of theD-genome chromosomes from Triticumaestivum L. was analyzed by themodified-pulse method. Of the 20substitution lines in winter triticalePresto, and 18 lines of spring triticaleRhino, six and nine lines, respectively,showed improved tolerance relative to thatobserved in the control lines. The D-genomechromosomes in substitutions 1D(1B),3D(3A), 3D(3B), 4D(4A), 4D(4B) and 6D(6B)significantly (p<0.01) improved Altolerance in both sets of lines. Highpercentages of tolerant plants were alsoobserved in 2D(2B) and 5D(5A) substitutionsin Presto and in 2D(2A), 2D(2B), 5D(5B),6D(6A) and 7D(7A) substitution lines ofRhino. In no instance, the removal ofindividual rye chromosomes, bysubstitutions, improved Al tolerance of therecipient line. Moreover, the presence of acomplete rye genome, and especially ofchromosome 3R, was necessary for triticale'stolerance to aluminum. The results alsoindicated some effects of allelic variationpresent on both rye and wheat chromosomes,and a possibility of interactions ofvarious factors.     

Application of AFLP for the detection of sex-specific markers in hemp

Two dioecious hemp accessions (Can18 and Can17) were tested by bulked segregant analysis for polymorphisms between male and female bulks with amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Thirty‐nine primer combinations were tested and 20 of these yielded one to three male‐specific bands. In contrast, no female‐specific band was detected. Eight of these primer combinations were used for testing 80 progeny plants from a cross between two plants from Can18 and 30 plants from Can17. A total of 16 and 17 male‐specific fragments were obtained for Can 18 and Can 17, respectively. Eleven fragments exhibited the same fragment size in both accessions. All male plants, but not one female plant, showed the respective polymorphic band with each of the eight primer combinations. Problems regarding sex determination under field conditions were successfully overcome by testing plants that had been grown in small pots in a greenhouse. The abundant number of potential markers for the male sex, their complete cosegregation with male plants and the absence of markers for the female sex support the presence of a male sex chromosome in hemp.