Genetic parameters for abnormal sucking traits in Austrian Fleckvieh heifers

Cross‐sucking and intersucking are considered abnormal behaviours in cattle and constitute a common problem in dairy farming. Cross‐sucking in calves is defined as sucking any body parts of another calf whereas intersucking in heifers and cows is defined as sucking the udder or udder area. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic variability for abnormal sucking behaviour by estimating genetic parameters and examining individual differences between sires with large progeny groups. By means of a questionnaire, cattle breeders in the federal state Lower Austria were requested to identify all currently kept animals which are known of either inter‐ or cross‐sucking (both defined as the same binary trait ‘sucking’ with 0 and 1 referring to the absence and presence of this abnormal behaviour) or allowing sucking (also treated as a binary trait, scored as 1 if an animal was known of allowing herd mates to suck and 0 otherwise). Records of 1222 farms and 13 332 dual purpose Simmental females aged between 21 and 700 days were investigated applying a linear animal model with fixed herd × year × season and random genetic animal effect and a threshold sire model with the herd × year × season effect being treated as random. In total, 8.6% and 4.1% of all calves/heifers were observed sucking and allowing sucking, respectively. Heritabilities of 0.040 ± 0.014 and 0.007 ± 0.006 (linear animal model) and 0.116 ± 0.041 and 0.026 ± 0.024 (threshold model) were found for the traits sucking and allowing sucking, respectively. Breeding values were estimated applying the same models for the trait sucking. Taking all 254 sires into account, the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients between breeding values estimated by linear animal and sire threshold model were 0.86 and 0.80. Thus, little difference was observed between the two methods.     

草鱼巨噬细胞的集结及相关的组织变化

给草鱼腹腔注射细微炭粒（墨汁）后不同时间取样,比较观察了草鱼胸腺、肝、脾、头肾和肾组织中巨噬细胞集结（ｍ ａｃｒｏｐｈａｇｅ ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｉｏｎ , Ｍ Ａ）状况及相应组织的变化。结果表明,在头肾和脾组织中, Ｍ Ａ 的数量和体积均较肝和肾中的多而大,胸腺中所产生的 Ｍ Ａ 数量较肝和肾中的少,体积也小;注射墨汁后 １～３ 周内,在胸腺、头肾、肝和脾组织中, Ｍ Ａ 的数量和体积均有不同程度的增加,但在注射墨汁后第 ４ 周的肾组织中, Ｍ Ａ 的体积缩小而且密度降低,同时肾组织结构有逐渐恢复的趋势,可能是由于 Ｍ Ａ 分解后通过肾小球和肾小管排泄到膀胱或体外的缘故。对草鱼 Ｍ Ａ 的组织分布、排除等分析认为, Ｍ Ａ 可作为草鱼非特异细胞防御作用的解剖学和细胞学的一种生物标记。     

长爪沙鼠生长与繁殖性能的主要指标测定

目的:探讨在普通级环境下饲养的长爪沙鼠的饲养管理、生长发育及繁殖等情况。方法:观测长爪沙鼠的饲养管理方法,记录0-12周的生长发育情况,统计1～5胎的初生个体重、窝产仔数、窝重和离乳重,测定成年长爪沙鼠主要脏器的重量、脏器重量/体重的比值。结果表明:在普通级环境下饲养的长爪沙鼠初生体重为2.8～3.2g,窝产仔4～9只,3～8周龄体重增长快,5周龄开始雌雄体重有显著性差异(P<0.05)繁殖性能好。     

植物-土壤微生物反馈在草地演替过程中的作用机制

植物-土壤反馈影响生态系统结构、功能及过程,推动植物群落组成的变化,对解释植物群落的演替进程和方向、维持植物群落多样性和稳定性有着重要意义,已成为近年生物学和生态学研究热点。植物-土壤微生物反馈是植物-土壤反馈的重要组成部分。重点综述植物-土壤微生物反馈在植物群落演替过程中的作用机制,简要指出目前研究中存在的不足,并对未来研究中值得重点关注的科学问题进行了探讨与展望。     

正安县山羊主要疫病血清抗体检测报告

为了解正安县山羊主要疫病的发展趋势,通过虎红平板凝集试验、正向间接血凝试验、酶联免疫吸附试验等方法对正安县引进山羊进行布鲁氏杆菌病、O型口蹄疫、AsiaI型口蹄疫、山羊传染性胸膜肺炎、山羊痘等主要疫病血清抗体的检测。结果表明,O型口蹄疫、AsiaI型口蹄疫和山羊痘免疫抗体阳性率分别为79．42％、81．18％和99．58％,未免疫的布鲁氏杆菌病、羊传染性胸膜肺炎的丝状支原体山羊亚种和绵羊肺炎支原体未免疫抗体阳性率分别为0％、0％和3．81％。监测结果为山羊健康的引进、培育和扩繁提供了一些基础数据,对指导养羊生产有一定的意义。     

Dietary Supplementation with Microencapsulated Lutein Improves Yolk Color and Lutein Content in Fresh and Cooked Eggs of Laying Hens

This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of diet supplemented with non-microencapsulated lutein (NL) and microencapsulated lutein (ML) in laying hens. A total of 270 Hy-line Brown laying hens (54 weeks old) were allocated to three groups with six replicates of 15 hens and were adapted to a wheat-soybean meal basal diet for two weeks. Next, the control birds were fed the basal diet, and the test birds were fed the basal diet supplemented with 600 mg/kg NL (12 mg/kg available lutein) or 90.1 mg/kg ML (10 mg/kg available lutein) for 35 days. Supplementation of lutein did not affect the productive performance of laying hens, but improved (P<0.05) the yolk color and red/green value (a*), with eggs from the ML group displaying improved color and a* values from the 15^th day of the experimental period. The blue/yellow value (b*) for the yolk showed an increase (P<0.05) through both NL and ML supplements. The yolk color of fried and boiled eggs and a* value of the yolk in fried eggs were improved (P<0.05) only through ML supplemented diet. Both NL and ML supplements resulted in lower (P<0.05) lightness and higher (P<0.05) a* values of yolk in boiled eggs, as well as higher (P<0.05) b* values in fried and boiled eggs. Yolk lutein content in fresh, fried, and boiled eggs was increased (P<0.05) in NL and ML groups with the latter being higher. In conclusion, ML improved yolk pigmentation and lutein retention in laying hens better than NL.     

社会网络方法在兽医流行病学中的应用

为揭示社会网络方法在兽医流行病学领域的发展趋势,通过对国内外文献进行检索分析,以"社会网络分析或社会网络""兽医学或动物"为关键词,在CNKI和PubMed数据库中检索并整理2000—2017年的相关文献,随后运用内容分析法,从研究主体、研究病种、数据获取、软件应用、指标计算以及数据验证等多个角度,比较国内外社会网络方法在兽医流行病学中的应用。结果显示:社会网络分析起源于20世纪30年代,2005年才被应用到兽医流行病学领域,此后研究热度不断上升,尤其在美国、英国和澳大利亚等国家,且在其带领下逐渐形成了不同国家和学科间的交流体系;研究者更倾向于有重大影响力的动物卫生事件研究;兽医流行病网络研究中可利用的数据和质量有限,因而限制了社会网络方法在兽医流行病学领域的发展;社会网络分析中,使用R软件的占比最高,其次为UCINET软件;社会网络方法虽在兽医流行病学领域起步晚,但研究深度已完成了从理论研究到网络分析及应用的过渡;研究指标仍局限在通过利用网络基本概念和测度来研究个体网络,缺乏对整体网络动态模式的研究。研究结果提示,社会网络方法在兽医流行病学领域的应用还很有限,研究者需要通过加强理论与实际的结合,构建网络时空模型,控制关键点,从而为疫病监测和防控做准备。