‘玉露香梨’果实发育中细胞壁组分和水解酶活性的变化

为揭示‘玉露香梨’果实发育期质地变化机理。探寻‘玉露香梨’果实细胞壁在果实生长过程中各组分的变化趋势,为梨果实品质调控提供科学依据。通过检测果实发育期细胞壁含量、细胞壁组成物质含量、果胶酶、纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性。‘玉露香梨’成熟时细胞壁含量仅为原含量的1/9;细胞壁水溶性果胶和离子型果胶含量呈现上升趋势,而共价结合型果胶含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势;纤维素和半纤维素含量呈先上升后下降的趋势; ‘玉露香梨’生长发育期内果胶酶活性呈现上升趋势,成熟期活性上升了3.8倍多,纤维素酶活性在‘玉露香梨’发育期,呈现上升趋势。随着‘玉露香梨’果实的生长发育,细胞壁含量及组分在细胞壁水解酶的作用下,随之发生了变化。     

Isolation, expansion, and differentiation of goat adipose-derived stem cells

A goat adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) line was established and compared to a rat line. Goat ADSC cells had normal diploidy after subculture. Proliferation of goat ADSCs was faster than rat cells in the same conditions. Both rat and goat ADSCs stained positively for vimentin, CD49d, CD44 and CD13, but stained negatively for CD34 and CD106. Bone nodules were apparent, and alizarin staining was positive after osteogenic induction. Cells expressing osteocalcin were positive by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining. After osteogenic induction, ossification nodules of goat ADSCs were larger than in rats, with dense ALP staining. Adipogenic induction resulting in lipid droplets and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ2) expression were observed. Cartilage lacunae were formed and COL2A1 was expressed. More cartilage lacunae with better morphology were seen following differentiation of goat ADSC's using the hang-drop method. For goat ADSCs, results with both adherent-induced and hanging-drop induced cultures were better than for three-dimensional cultures.     

Severe persistent orf in young goats.

Orf (contagious ecthyma) is a viral disease of small and wild ruminants, humans, and less frequently other species. In sheep and goats, the disease is characterized by the formation of vesiculo-proliferative lesions in the skin of lips and nostril. Here, a form of generalized orf in 16 goat kids from 2 different locations in west Texas is described. The disease was characterized by multifocal, severe, proliferative dermatitis that persisted from about 2 months of age until the goat kids were euthanized 3 months later. All affected goats were Boer or Boer crosses under 1 year of age. The mean immunoglobulin concentration in sera of affected goats was elevated compared with healthy control goats. Severe to moderate lymphadenomegaly of the nodes draining the areas of the skin affected with orf lesions was present in all 16 goat kids. Suppurative arthritis, chronic fibrinous pneumonia, and premature thymic involution were found in 3, 5, and 7 of the goat kids, respectively. The skin lesions of 3 goat kids were infested with larvae of the opportunistic black garbage fly (Ophira sp.). The orf virus was identified in skin lesions by isolation in Marbin-Darby ovine kidney cells, electron microscopy, and amplification of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The orf virus was not detected in peripheral blood or lymph node mononuclear cells of any of the goats. Cross-neutralization experiments showed that an ovine orf virus antiserum raised in sheep was more effective in neutralizing a sheep orf virus isolate than a caprine orf virus isolate. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of these orf cases may be the result of susceptibility factors within some individuals of the Boer breed of goats.     

膨化菜籽对肉鸡生产性能及部分血液生化指标的影响

试验选用160只21日龄的艾维茵肉鸡,随机分为5组,每组4个重复(栏),每栏8只鸡,在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加不同水平膨化菜籽(2.0%、6.0%、10%和14%)。试验结果表明:(1)整个生长期膨化菜籽组与对照组相比,平均日增重、日采食量均有显著提高(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05),添加6.0%膨化菜籽组对肉鸡促生长效果最好;(2)膨化菜籽组与对照组相比,对肉鸡血清中白蛋白、尿素氮、碱性磷酸酶、总胆固醇和甘油三酯等生化指标没有显著性影响(P>0.05)。     

红芪、党参复方添加剂对肉仔鸡抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响

试验选用180只1日龄AA肉公雏,采用单因子完全随机设计,分为3个处理,每处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组在基础日粮基础上添加5 mg/kg黄霉素,试验Ⅱ组在基础日粮基础上添加1%红芪党参复方添加剂。试验期为6周。旨在研究饲粮中添加红芪、党参复方添加剂对肉仔鸡抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加红芪、党参复方添加剂能显著提高肉仔鸡21日龄血浆和所有脏器以及42日龄血浆和心脏的超氧化物歧化酶活性(P<0.05);除42日龄肾脏外,红芪、党参复方能显著提高肉鸡前、后期血浆和所有脏器的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P<0.05);红芪党参添加组21、42日龄肉仔鸡T-淋巴细胞酸性α萘酯酶染色阳性率(ANAE+)显著提高(P≤0.018)。结果说明,红芪、党参复方添加剂能提高肉鸡的抗氧化能力和细胞免疫功能。     

饲料铜水平对生长猪血清铜、血清锌和血清铁的影响

选 60头生长白猪 ( 1 9.2 6± 1 .2 0 kg)随机分成 6组 ,每组公母各半 ,使用硫酸铜作为铜源 ,在饲料中添加不同浓度的铜 ,对照组铜添加浓度为 0 mg/kg,高铜试验各组添加浓度为 1 0 0、1 5 0、2 0 0、2 5 0和 30 0 mg/kg。试验期为 80 d,期间每隔 2 0 d采血一次 ,检测血清铜、血清铁和血清锌的含量。分析结果显示 :高铜饲料可明显提高血清铜含量 ,降低血清锌含量 ,但血清铁无显著性变化。第 2 0 d高铜各组平均血清铜比对照组提高 1 7.7% ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,第 40 d提高 2 0 .2 % ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,第 60 d提高 8.6% ( P>0 .0 5 ) ,第 80 d提高 31 .5 % ( P<0 .0 1 ) ,30 0 mg/kg高铜组与对照组比较差异显著 ( P<0 .0 5 )。血清锌第 2 0 d和 40 d,高铜各组平均比对照组降低 1 1 .6%和 1 0 .3%。     

国内动物卫生风险分析研究评述

近年来由动物疫病、药残等引起的食源性疾病数量不断上升,已成为影响各国公共健康和经济发展的重要因素。为此,切实加强动物卫生风险分析工作,研究重大动物疫病风险分析概念框架,构建适合我国国情的动物疫病风险分析模型,已成为进一步提高我国重大动物疫病防控能力和动物产品安全监管水平,不断提升我国养殖业国际竞争力的一项十分重要而紧迫的任务。同时,动物卫生风险分析也是世界动物卫生领域一种新的工作理念和管理模式,是制定动物卫生政策和开展畜产品国际贸易的一项基础性工作。近年来,国内专家学者不断将国际动物卫生风险分析的最新研究成果和国内动物卫生现状相结合,逐步探讨具有本土化特色的动物卫生风险分析的理论和相应的技术方法,其研究结果对国际动物卫生领域的不断完善和发展起到了促进作用。本研究对近年来不断涌现的动物卫生风险分析的相关研究文献进行汇总分析,以明晰该方向研究工作的进展和动态,并探析动物卫生风险分析领域存在的问题,以期为补充和完善该领域的研究工作提供一定的基础。     

Risk-based surveillance for avian influenza control along poultry market chains in South China: The value of social network analysis

Over the past two decades, the poultry sector in China went through a phase of tremendous growth as well as rapid intensification and concentration. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 was first detected in 1996 in Guangdong province, South China and started spreading throughout Asia in early 2004. Since then, control of the disease in China has relied heavily on wide-scale preventive vaccination combined with movement control, quarantine and stamping out. This strategy has been successful in drastically reducing the number of outbreaks during the past 5years. However, HPAIV H5N1 is still circulating and is regularly isolated in traditional live bird markets (LBMs) where viral infection can persist, which represent a public health hazard for people visiting them. The use of social network analysis in combination with epidemiological surveillance in South China has identified areas where the success of current strategies for HPAI control in the poultry production sector may benefit from better knowledge of poultry trading patterns and the LBM network configuration as well as their capacity for maintaining HPAIV H5N1 infection. We produced a set of LBM network maps and estimated the associated risk of HPAIV H5N1 within LBMs and along poultry market chains, providing new insights into how live poultry trade and infection are intertwined. More specifically, our study provides evidence that several biosecurity factors such as daily cage cleaning, daily cage disinfection or manure processing contribute to a reduction in HPAIV H5N1 presence in LBMs. Of significant importance is that the results of our study also show the association between social network indicators and the presence of HPAIV H5N1 in specific network configurations such as the one represented by the counties of origin of the birds traded in LBMs. This new information could be used to develop more targeted and effective control interventions.     

Building phenotype networks to improve QTL detection: a comparative analysis of fatty acid and fat traits in pigs

Models in QTL mapping can be improved by considering all potential variables, i.e. we can use remaining traits other than the trait under study as potential predictors. QTL mapping is often conducted by correcting for a few fixed effects or covariates (e.g. sex, age), although many traits with potential causal relationships between them are recorded. In this work, we evaluate by simulation several procedures to identify optimum models in QTL scans: forward selection, undirected dependency graph and QTL-directed dependency graph (QDG). The latter, QDG, performed better in terms of power and false discovery rate and was applied to fatty acid (FA) composition and fat deposition traits in two pig F2 crosses from China and Spain. Compared with the typical QTL mapping, QDG approach revealed several new QTL. To the contrary, several FA QTL on chromosome 4 (e.g. Palmitic, C16:0; Stearic, C18:0) detected by typical mapping vanished after adjusting for phenotypic covariates in QDG mapping. This suggests that the QTL detected in typical mapping could be indirect. When a QTL is supported by both approaches, there is an increased confidence that the QTL have a primary effect on the corresponding trait. An example is a QTL for C16:1 on chromosome 8. In conclusion, mapping QTL based on causal phenotypic networks can increase power and help to make more biologically sound hypothesis on the genetic architecture of complex traits.     

抗球虫中药散剂常青散的亚急性毒性试验

为了测定抗球虫中药散剂常青散的亚急性毒性反应,取昆明小鼠为试验动物,随机分组,以临床应用剂量的2、4、8倍饲喂给药,确定常青散在28天内对小鼠的亚急性毒性反应。结果表明各试验组小鼠全部健活,体征、体重、外观、行为、采食量及饲料利用率、脏器系数、血液生理生化指标、脏器结构均无异常。常青散对受试动物未见有明显的亚急性毒性反应。