鱼稻共生条件下陶粒载体水稻浮床提高细菌活性及多样性

以轻质陶粒为主要原料开发出一种新型生物浮床载体,并通过种植水稻构建了陶粒载体水稻浮床对池塘水环境进行修复。研究了陶粒载体水稻浮床对精养池塘的水质净化作用,并采用Biolog-ECO技术分析了陶粒载体水稻浮床对池塘浮游细菌碳源代谢模式和多样性的影响。结果显示,试验组池塘水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和亚硝态氮(NO2–-N)等水质指标在8月份显著低于对照组,高锰酸盐指数(IMn)在8月份和10月份显著低于对照组。试验组池塘浮游细菌群落代谢活性(AWCD)、Shannon指数和丰富度指数在8月份显著高于对照塘,Shannon均匀度指数在10月份显著高于对照塘。浮床种植水稻产量达到5 900 kg/hm~2。结果表明陶粒载体水稻浮床在具备一定生产性能基础上,降低了精养池塘水中氮磷营养水平,改变了精养池塘浮游细菌群落碳源利用模式,并提高了池塘浮游细菌群落代谢活性和功能多样性。结果可为应用陶粒载体水稻浮床调控池塘水环境提供理论指导。     

基于机器视觉的红掌检测分级方法

中国盆花销售量随着消费水平的提高而迅速攀升,四大盆花之一的红掌在规模化生产中存在分级标准掌控不统一、分级结果不稳定以及效率低下等问题,制约了红掌产品的规模化生产,影响了红掌的出品质量。该研究提出基于机器视觉技术的红掌分级检测方法,对90株红掌的水平和竖直方向图像采集,经过二值化等处理,从侧视轮廓、俯视轮廓及佛焰苞轮廓特征三方面获取红掌植株的高度、冠幅、佛焰苞片数、苞片横径4项指标的信息, 针对每一项指标提出检测方法。试验结果表明,该方法对植株高度测量误差小于5.4 mm;针对植株冠幅提出了当量直径测量方法,佛焰苞片数测量正确率可达98.9%,苞片横径相对误差最大为6.52%。针对试验所选90盆红掌分级成功率达到97.8%。研究表明,利用机器视觉技术能够很好地实现对红掌盆花的在线检测分级。     

Degradability of atrazine, cyanazine, and dicamba in methanogenic enrichment culture microcosms using sediment from the Pearl River of Southern China

Degradation of three herbicides, atrazine, cyanazine and dicamba, was assessed in laboratory microcosms incubated under simulated methanogenic conditions using sediment from Pearl River of Southern China as an inoculum. Atrazine was much more resistant to degradation than cyanazine and dicamba over 300 days of incubation. Biodegradation of cyanazine and dicamba was further substantiated by establishment of enrichment transfer cultures in which the degradation of the respective herbicide was accelerated by the active microorganisms. Degradation of cyanazine initially involved the removal of chlorine and the two side chains, while that of dicamba was O-demethylation reaction forming 3,6-dichlorosalicyclic acid. Results suggest that biodegradation of xenobiotics can be established through enrichment culture transfer technique, and further mechanism of degradation and microorganisms involved can be elucidated.     

Properties of low-moisture viscoplastic materials consisting of oil droplets dispersed in a protein-carbohydrate-glycerol matrix: effect of oil concentration

The influence of oil concentration and baking on the properties of low-moisture composites consisting of oil droplets dispersed in a protein-carbohydrate-glycerol matrix was investigated. These composites were produced by blending canola oil, whey protein concentrate (WPC), corn syrup, and glycerol together using a high-speed mixer. The resulting system consisted of oil droplets dispersed in a polar matrix. Some composites were analyzed directly after preparation, while others were analyzed after being heated at 176 degrees C for 10 min to simulate baking. The "lightness" of the composites was greater before baking (higher L value), but the color was more intense after baking (higher a and b values). The lightness and color intensity of the composites decreased as the oil concentration increased, with the effects being more pronounced in the baked samples. The zeta potential of the oil droplets (measured after dilution at pH 6) was highly negative (approximately -40 mV), indicating that whey protein was adsorbed to the droplet surfaces. The mean particle diameter (measured after dilution at pH 6) increased appreciably after baking, which was attributed to droplet flocculation. The rheological properties of the unbaked and baked materials were characterized by squeezing flow viscometry, which showed that the measurements associated with consistency and yield stress increased with increasing oil concentration and with baking.     

京郊荒滩生态恢复及其植被变化研究--以延庆县为例

在延庆县荒滩中，分别选择人工造林恢复植被2年、11年、封禁恢复植被7年和对照区4个样区，在大量野外调查的基础上，对其物种种类、优势种重要值、物种多样性特征、生活型谱和盖度等指标进行了对比分析。结果表明：荒滩生态恢复过程中，人工植被长势良好，植物种类明显增加，群落物种的丰富度指数、均匀度指数、多样性指数均比对照区显著提高，植物群落结构从简单逐渐变为复杂；生活型谱组成发生了显著变化，一、二年生草本植物的比例显著降低；植被盖度明显增加。3个生态恢复样区中，尤其是人工造林恢复植被2年的恢复模式效果最显著，可以在京津及其周边地区相似立地条件的地方推广应用。     

植生带在内蒙古中部公路边坡防护中的试验应用

植生带技术是集工程措施和生物措施为一体的植被恢复方法.笔者介绍了植生带技术的特点、施工过程,以及该技术在内蒙古自治区兴和县公路边坡防护中的应用效果.该试验成果可为植生带技术在条件类似区域的应用提供参考.     

水中成堆草莓力学特性试验研究

针对草莓柔嫩易受机械损伤的问题,提出一种减损方法,即将成堆新鲜草莓置于水中辅助机械加工作业而避免损伤的方法,并对草莓物理参数和压缩力学特性进行试验研究。试验得到不同质量的中型果草莓尺寸差异性不大,其中大规格草莓形状较中小规格草莓更接近球形。压缩试验表明:成堆草莓置于水中,水面以下第2层可能受到的最大挤压力0.26N;当草莓变形量在允许范围内即小于1mm范围内变形时,所需压缩负荷远远大于0.26N,故草莓置于水中可有效防止机械作业时的挤压损伤;在变形量为1mm时,草莓刚度总体偏小,均小于0.2 N/m。研究结果可为草莓深加工机械设计提供参考。     

石墨炉原子吸收法检测大米中镉含量影响因素的响应面优化

采用响应面法优化了石墨炉原子吸收法检测大米中重金属镉含量的影响因素。在单因素试验基础上,根据中心复合设计原理(CCD),采用五因素三水平的响应面分析法,以大米中镉含量测定结果的偏离差值为响应值,分析各因素的影响显著性与交互作用,得到最佳工艺条件为:干燥温度140℃,干燥时间35s,灰化温度250℃,原子化温度1600s,原子化时间5s。在最优条件下检测到大米中镉含量为0.192mg/kg±0.003mg/kg。     

“仙果”哈密瓜晒瓜处理后贮藏及生理特性的研究

以沪产"仙果"哈密瓜为试材,进行采前晒瓜处理,研究在温度3,5,8℃和常温贮藏条件下,哈密瓜采后贮藏期间果实生理代谢的变化。结果表明,晒瓜处理后低温贮藏,能有效地降低哈密瓜果实的腐烂,抑制了总酸、总糖、可溶性固形物含量和果实硬度的下降,显著延长哈密瓜的贮藏时间。以糖、酸含量和果实硬度、腐烂率为评价指标,确定5℃为"仙果"的适宜贮藏温度。     

生物技术在柑橘砧木上的应用

本文概述了当前国内外柑橘砧木生物技术尤其是基因工程技术和体细胞杂交技术在柑橘砧木种质改良和品种选育的研究现状与进展,可为我国柑橘砧木资源的研究与开发利用提供参考。基因工程在柑橘育种中的应用起步较晚,但近年来发展迅速,通过运用农杆菌介导法、附体腋芽转化－离体扩繁鉴定法、DNA直接导入法等基因工程技术对培育新型抗性柑橘砧木品种取得了一定的成果;在体细胞杂种的运用方面,通过原生质体融合,获得了大量具优良性状的杂种体细胞,并建立了多个抗病杂交后代群。目前,柑橘砧木生物技术的研究方兴未艾,现代生物技术在柑橘砧木资源多样性研究与种质改良方面仍是今后的主攻方向。