鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫病抗性主成分分析评估模型的建立

为建立鸡活体可测球虫病抗性综合评估模型,探索鸡球虫病抗性选育新方法,以京海黄鸡为试验材料,根据国内外文献选择15个球虫抗性评价指标,通过比较鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫感染组和非感染组抗性指标的差异,进一步筛选活体可测指标,并进行主成分分析,通过各主成分和综合主成分与所有抗性指标的相关分析,筛选最优抗性综合评估模型,并进行模型有效性筛选。在所选的14个活体可测抗性指标中,有6个指标在感染和非感染组间存在显著或极显著的差异(P0.05或P0.01),他们分别是感染后第3—5天体增重、感染后第8天血浆中CAT、GSH-Px、MDA、SOD和IFN-γ的浓度;主成分分析建立了6个单主成分和累计贡献率大于80%的综合主成分的抗性评估模型,各抗性评估模型计算的综合选择指数与15个抗性指标相关分析的结果表明,第一主成分模型和7个抗性指标相关极显著(P0.01),2个相关显著(P0.05),特别是与盲肠病变记分相关极显著(P0.01),其余6个主成分评估模型只与15个抗性指标中的2~3个相关显著或极显著(P0.05或P0.01),且与盲肠病变记分相关均不显著(P0.05);经检验第一主成分模型选择指数值的分布为正偏态分布,排序后其大小与盲肠病变表现一致。因此,第一主成分模型fi1=-0.64Zxi1+0.31Zxi2+0.80Zxi3-0.05Zxi4-0.08Zxi5+0.59Zxi6可以作为鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫抗性选择的最佳综合选择指数用于鸡的抗病育种。     

影响我国水产饲料产业升级的科学性和技术性问题分析

我国的水产饲料工业发展历程非常短,真正开展水产动物营养研究与饲料生产应该是在20世纪80年代后期了,到现在不过30年的发展时间,但水产饲料工业的发展速度是非常快的,到2008年全国饲料总量为13 700万吨(2008中国饲料工业年鉴),而水产饲料为1 342万吨、占全国饲料总量的9.79%.     

First report of leaf spot caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alternaria alternata</Emphasis> on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drimia maritima</Emphasis>

Drimia maritima (squill) is a historically important medicinal plant. During the spring of 2016, small, yellow leaf spots, which became brown and finally necrotic, were observed on squill plants in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Provinces in Iran. A fungus was consistently isolated from infected leaves and identified as Alternaria alternata based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Pathogenicity tests confirmed A. alternata to be the causal agent of the newly observed leaf spot disease. This is the first report of leaf spot on D. maritima caused by A. alternata in the world.     

The effect of Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate on small intestinal morphology,antioxidant capacity and anti‐inflammatory effect in heat‐stressed broilers

This study was to investigate the effects of Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) on intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and anti‐inflammatory response in heat‐stressed broiler. A total of 192 2‐week‐old Arbour Acres broilers chickens were divided into four groups with six replicates per group and eight chickens per replicate: one thermoneutral control group (28°C, group TN), which was fed the basal diet; and three cyclic high‐temperature groups (35°C from 7:00 to 19:00 hr; 28°C from 19:00 hr to 7:00 hr, heat stress group), which were fed the basal diet supplementation with EGCG 0 mg/kg (group HS0), 300 mg/kg (group HS300) and 600 mg/kg (group HS600). The gut morphology and intestinal mucosal oxidative stress indicators, as well as intestinal barrier‐related gene expression, were analysed. The results showed that compared with group TN, heat stress reduced the villus height (VH), activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD)and catalase (CAT), increased the crypt depth (CD) and malondialdehyde (MDA)content at 21, 28 and 35 days (p < 0.05). After the heat‐stressed broilers were supplemented with EGCG, VH, VH/CD (V/C), and the activities of GSH‐Px, SOD and CAT were increased, and CD and MDA content were reduced compared with those in group HS0 without EGCG supplementation at 21, 28 and 35 days (p < 0.05). The EGCG supplementation promoted the gene expression of nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), Claudin‐1, Mucin 2 (Muc2) and alleviated the nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) and lipopolysaccharide‐induced tumour necrosis factor (LITAF) gene expression compared with group HS0 (p < 0.05). Moreover, intestinal morphology was strongly correlated with antioxidant ability and inflammatory response. In conclusion, EGCG alleviated the gut oxidative injury of heat‐stressed broilers by enhancing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting inflammatory response.     

Consequences of a large-scale fragmentation experiment for Neotropical bats: disentangling the relative importance of local and landscape-scale effects

Context

Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation are widespread drivers of biodiversity decline. Understanding how habitat quality interacts with landscape context, and how they jointly affect species in human-modified landscapes, is of great importance for informing conservation and management.

Objectives

We used a whole-ecosystem manipulation experiment in the Brazilian Amazon to investigate the relative roles of local and landscape attributes in affecting bat assemblages at an interior-edge-matrix disturbance gradient.

Methods

We surveyed bats in 39 sites, comprising continuous forest (CF), fragments, forest edges and intervening secondary regrowth. For each site, we assessed vegetation structure (local-scale variable) and, for five focal scales, quantified habitat amount and four landscape configuration metrics.

Results

Smaller fragments, edges and regrowth sites had fewer species and higher levels of dominance than CF. Regardless of the landscape scale analysed, species richness and evenness were mostly related to the amount of forest cover. Vegetation structure and configurational metrics were important predictors of abundance, whereby the magnitude and direction of response to configurational metrics were scale-dependent. Responses were ensemble-specific with local-scale vegetation structure being more important for frugivorous than for gleaning animalivorous bats.

Conclusions

Our study indicates that scale-sensitive measures of landscape structure are needed for a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of fragmentation on tropical biota. Although forest fragments and regrowth habitats can be of conservation significance for tropical bats our results further emphasize that primary forest is of irreplaceable value, underlining that their conservation can only be achieved by the preservation of large expanses of pristine habitat.

     

Comparison of larval thermal maxima between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fundulus heteroclitus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">F. grandis</Emphasis>

Fundulus heteroclitus and F. grandis are resident salt marsh fishes that overlap in distribution over a narrow range in northeastern Florida. The objective of the present study was to examine whether the limits of the species’ ranges could be explained by differences in thermal tolerance. Two populations of each species were collected and then spawned in the laboratory, and 9-day-old larvae were used for critical thermal maxima trials. Mean LOE temperatures of larvae ranged from 43.04 to 43.65°C and showed little difference between species. Therefore, differences in high temperatures experienced cannot account for the differences of the distributions of the two species. Condition-specific competition may play a greater role in determining the observed range of the two species.     

In vitro inhibitory effect of trichostatin A on canine grade 3 mast cell tumor

Mast cell tumor (MCT) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms that affect skin and soft tissue in dogs. Because mast cell tumors present a great variety of clinical appearance and behavior, their treatment becomes a challenge. Trichostatin A (TSA), an antifungal antibiotic, has shown inhibitory effects on the proliferation and induction of apoptosis in various types of cancer cells. In order to evaluate the potential of trichostatin A as a therapeutic drug, cells of grade 3 MCT were cultured and treated with concentrations of 1 nM to 400 nM of TSA. MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion assays were performed to estimate cell growth and cell viability, and cell cycle analysis was evaluated. TSA treatment showed a reduction in numbers of viable cells and an increase of cell death by apoptosis. The cell cycle analysis showed an increase of hypodiploid cells and a reduction of G0/G1 and G2/M –phases. According to these results, trichostatin A may be an interesting potential chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of canine MCT.     

我国小麦产区间病害发生与损失差异比较研究

为系统全面地掌握我国各产区小麦病害的发生情况,本文重点分析了我国小麦五大产区(华东麦区、华中麦区、华北麦区、西北麦区和西南麦区)小麦锈病、赤霉病、白粉病、纹枯病、黑穗病、根腐病和全蚀病的发生及防控情况。结果表明：我国小麦病害发生危害具有区域性特点,华东和华中麦区小麦纹枯病和赤霉病发病面积较大,且造成产量损失占比远超其余三大产区;华北麦区以白粉病发生最重;西北和西南麦区锈病和白粉病发生最重。我国小麦病害防治效果显著,华东和华中麦区赤霉病、纹枯病的年均挽回损失率均在80%以上;华北麦区年均挽回损失率最高的病害是白粉病(84.43%);西北和西南麦区对锈病年均挽回损失率分别为78.20%和85.26%;黑穗病、根腐病和全蚀病挽回损失率较低。     

Comparison of leaf stomatal conductance models for typical desert riparian phreatophytes in northwestern China

Stomatal regulation plays a vital role related to plant functioning, especially with a limited water supply. Estimating the leaf stomatal conductance (g _s) is pivotal for further estimation of transpiration as well as energy and mass balances between air and plant in arid regions. Based on successive measurements of leaf gas exchange of two typical desert riparian phreatophytes, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., and Populus euphratica Oliv., we estimated g _s using the empirical, optimal, and mechanistic models. Measurements were conducted on T. ramosissima during the growing seasons in 2011 and 2012 and P. euphratica in 2013 and 2014. Estimated values were compared with those measured by the portable open-path gas exchange measurement system. Results indicated that Ye’s mechanistic model always performed best among all the g _s models tested here with R ² values of 0.878 and 0.723 for T. ramosissima in 2011 and 2012, and 0.625 and 0.867 for P. euphratica in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Meanwhile, Medlyn’s optimal model exhibited the least reliable performance with R ² at values of 0.514 and 0.398 for T. ramosissima in 2011 and 2012, and 0.385 and 0.101 for P. euphratica in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Empirical models may not be suitable for application in novel situations because they have been developed from experimental observations rather than from any mechanistic understanding or theory of stomatal behavior. Consequently, the application of Ye’s mechanistic model will be of great significance for the modeling and up-scaling of g _s in extremely arid regions in the future.