Endoscopic Recovery of Early Preimplantation Bovine Embryos: Effect of Hormonal Stimulation,Embryo Kinetics and Repeated Collection

The collection of extra numbers of bovine embryos by superstimulation of donors underlies variation concerning yield of morulae and blastocysts. Our study aimed at establishing a correlation between hormonal treatment and embryo development during oviductal passage including repeated flushing. A transvaginal endoscopic procedure was used to flush the oviducts at six different time intervals (beginning at 24 h until 105 h) after artificial insemination. In total, 119 animals were superovulated using either FSH or eCG. The hormonal treatment resulted in the stimulation of 2076 follicles of which 77% (1590 CL) ovulated. The bilateral flushing resulted in the collection of 1411 complexes (collection rate: 89%), of which 78% (1098) were assessed as viable embryos. The use of FSH resulted in significantly more stimulated follicles and ovulation sites compared with eCG (p < 0.001). Generally, the embryo kinetics were similar among the FSH and eCG treated animals. However, the embryo cleavage of the eCG treated animals was ahead of that of the FSH group comparing the different collection time points. The overall proportions of non‐viable embryos in both groups were similar. Regarding the embryo collection intervals in the eCG group, this proportion significantly increased during 51–105 h compared to 24–50 h (p < 0.05), whereas FSH delivered constant results. It was shown that the repeated endoscopic collection of oviductal stage embryos had no negative influence on the collection parameters. It is concluded that the introduced transvaginal endoscopic technique could have main impact on further studies focusing on early embryo development.     

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for treatment of unilateral adrenocortical carcinomas: technique, complications, and results in seven dogs

Objective— To investigate the feasibility of, and outcome after, laparoscopic adrenalectomy in dogs with unilateral adrenocortical carcinoma.
Study Design— Case series.
Animals— Dogs (n=7) with Cushing's syndrome caused by unilateral adrenocortical carcinoma.
Methods— Laparoscopic adrenalectomy with the dog in lateral recumbency on the unaffected side. Three 5-mm portals (1 laparoscopic portal, 2 instrument portals) were placed in the paralumbar fossa. A fourth instrumental portal (5–12 mm) was placed above the kidney. After dissection and hemostatic control of the phrenicoabdominal vein, the adrenal gland was carefully dissected or when there was capsule fragility, necrotic content was partially aspirated. The remaining glandular tissue was removed through the 12-mm trocar site.
Results— Dogs with unilateral adrenocortical carcinoma (3 right-sided, 4 left-sided) without invasion of the caudal vena cava were successfully operated by laparoscopic approach. There were no significant intraoperative complications; 2 dogs died within 48 hours of surgery because of respiratory complications. Five dogs were discharged 72 hours after surgery, and signs of hyperadrenocorticism disappeared thereafter (survival time ranged from 7 to 25 months).
Conclusions— Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is feasible in dogs with either right- or left-sided adrenocortical carcinoma not involving the caudal vena cava.
Clinical Relevance— When performed by experienced surgeons, laparoscopic adrenalectomy offers a minimally invasive alternative to open laparotomy or retroperitoneal surgery for the treatment of unilateral adrenocortical carcinoma in dogs.     

Human and bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine research and development

Human (HRSV) and bovine (BRSV) respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) are two closely related viruses, which are the most important causative agents of respiratory tract infections of young children and calves, respectively. BRSV vaccines have been available for nearly 2 decades. They probably have reduced the prevalence of RSV infection but their efficacy needs improvement. In contrast, despite decades of research, there is no currently licensed vaccine for the prevention of HRSV disease. Development of a HRSV vaccine for infants has been hindered by the lack of a relevant animal model that develops disease, the need to immunize immunologically immature young infants, the difficulty for live vaccines to find the right balance between attenuation and immunogenicity, and the risk of vaccine-associated disease. During the past 15 years, intensive research into a HRSV vaccine has yielded vaccine candidates, which have been evaluated in animal models and, for some of them, in clinical trials in humans. Recent formulations have focused on subunit vaccines with specific CD4+ Th-1 immune response-activating adjuvants and on genetically engineered live attenuated vaccines. It is likely that different HRSV vaccines and/or combinations of vaccines used sequentially will be needed for the various populations at risk. This review discusses the recent advances in RSV vaccine development.     

Coupling landscape graph modeling and biological data: a review

Landscape Ecology - Landscape graphs are widely used to model networks of habitat patches. As they require little input data, they are particularly suitable for supporting conservation decisions...     

Growth, fatness and gross biochemical composition of the Japanese oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Stanway cylinders in the Bay of Arcachon, France

A new method of oyster cultivation, the Stanway oyster cylinder, has been investigated in the Bay of Arcachon since 1989. A comparative study was carried out between the growth of spat and 18-month-old Crassostrea gigas oysters, in cylinders and in traditional bags. The growth in height and in whole weight was lower in cylinders. In contrast, the tests showed a better quality of the meat, with higher condition index and higher carbohydrate content, and a better quality of the shell, with higher density and better shape. Therefore, because of the improvement in oyster quality, the use of the cylinder seems to be advantageous for the Arcachon oyster industry.     

Osmotic adaptation of Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum

Coho salmon yearlings, reared in France in a freshwater hatchery, were directly transferred to sea water at three different periods of the year: 14 January, 3 March and 14 April 1976. The last two experiments were realized at three different salinities: 25, 30 and 35‰.The results show important seasonal differences in the osmoregulatory responses. The direct transfer to 35‰ reveals some osmoregulatory problems which are not discernable at lower salinities. Yearlings transferred to a 35‰ sea water present a much higher and faster rise of plasma electrolytes and of branchial Na⁺K⁺ ATPase activity than fish transferred to a 25 or 30‰ sea water.It was found that a physiologically pre-adapted fish, characterized by a high level of branchial Na⁺K⁺ ATPase activity in fresh water (April) will present in sea water a slower and more regular increase in gill Na⁺K⁺ ATPase activity than fish with a low level of enzyme activity in fresh water (January–March). These smolts transferred to 25 and 30‰ sea water in April do not exhibit important variations, whereas a well-marked osmotic disequilibrium appears at 35‰. However, this osmotic stress is much more rapidly controlled than in the previous transfers.Our results suggest that the highest tolerance to sea water is reached only at time of smolting and that the time of transfer may have a direct influence on the intensity of the osmotic stress. These facts might be of considerable importance for the development of marine rearing of coho salmon in coastal areas where the salinities stay usually above 30‰ which constitutes an unusual environment for the species under consideration.     

GABA-ergic control of prolactin release in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) pituitaries in vitro

The involvement of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the control of prolactin (PRL) release was investigated in rainbow trout using both perifused pituitary fragments and pituitary cells in primary culture. In our perifusion system, infusion of GABA (10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁴ M) caused an inhibition of PRL release (between 20 and 40%). Administration on perifused pituitary fragments of 3APS, a GABAa agonist, mimicked this inhibitory effect. Moreover, bicuculline, a specific antagonist of GABAa receptors, totally abolished GABA effect. When tested on cultured pituitary cells during 40h exposure, GABA (10⁻⁵ M) caused a significant decrease in PRL release (24.5%). Baclofen, a specific agonist for GABAb receptor tested at 10⁻⁶ and 10⁻⁵ M, also inhibited PRL released from cultured pituitary cells. These results demonstrate that GABA inhibits PRL release by acting directly on pituitary cells and that probably both types of GABA receptor (a and b) are involved in this regulation.

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Résumé Nous avons étudié l'implication de l'acide γ-aminobutirique (GABA) dans le controle de la sécrétion de prolactine (PRL) chez la truite arc-en-ciel en utilisant à la fois des fragments d'hypophyse perifusés et des cellules hypophysaires en culture. Dans notre système de périfusion, le GABA (10⁻⁶ à 10⁻⁴ M) inhibe la libération de PRL (entre 20 et 40%). L'administration sur les fragments d'hypophyse périfusés de 3APS, un agoniste des récepteurs GABAa, reproduit ces effets inhibiteurs. De plus, la bicuculline, un antagoniste spécifique des récepteurs de type GABAa, abolie complètement les effets du GABA. Lorsqu'il est testé pendant 40h sur des cellules en culture, le GABA (10⁻⁵ M) réduit de manière significative la libération de PRL (24.5%). Le Baclofen, un agoniste spécifique des récepteurs GABAb testé à 10⁻⁶ et 10⁻⁵ M, inhibe aussi la libération de PRL par les cellules en culture. Ces résultats démontrent que le GABA inhibe la libération de PRL en agissant directement sur les cellules hypophysaires et que les 2 types de récepteurs GABA (a et b) sont impliqués dans cette régulation.

     

Spatial activity and expression of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in stem xylem of walnut during dormancy and growth resumption

Plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM H+-ATPase) plays a key role in nutrient transport, stress responses and growth. To evaluate proton motive force differences between apical and basal parts of acrotonic 1-year-old shoots of walnut (Juglans regia L. cv 'Franquette') trees, spatial and seasonal changes in PM H+-ATPase were studied in mature xylem tissues. During both the dormancy and growth resumption periods, and in both the apical and basal parts of the stem, PM H+-ATPase activity showed positive correlations with the amount of immunodetectable protein. In spring, at the time of growth resumption, higher activities and immunoreactivities of PM H+-ATPase were found in the apical part of the stem than in the basal part of the stem. In spring, the decrease in xylem sugar concentration reflected the high sugar uptake rate. Our data suggest that PM H+-ATPase plays a major role in the uptake of carbohydrates from xylem vessels during growth resumption. These results are discussed in the context of the acrotonic tendency of walnut shoots.     

Site fidelity and movements of an amphidromous goby revealed by otolith multi‐elemental signatures along a tropical watershed

Otolith microchemistry can provide crucial information to address gaps of knowledge in spatio‐temporal ecology of fish species. However, understanding the seasonal variability of water chemistry and its effect on otolith signatures is needed to interpret fish movements. Otolith multi‐elemental signatures were used to examine the diadromous migration and small‐scale movements of a tropical goby (Sicyopterus lagocephalus) within a watershed in La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean. The elemental ratios Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca and Sr:Ba recorded monthly in the water of nine sampling sites varied between localities and were correlated with otolith signatures, whereas the Mg:Ca signature was not. The incorporation of some trace elements in otoliths was influenced by the size of fish and site where they were caught, reflecting an effect of endogenous and exogenous factors. Despite these sources of variation, the elemental signatures did not overlap for three river sections distributed along the 26‐km‐long watershed. The diadromous migration and fish lifetime movements between these river sections were reconstructed using an original process based on random forest analysis. This approach revealed distinct migratory behaviours after fish entered in the river, with some individuals progressing slowly in the watershed whereas other rapidly reached the upper localities. As adults, S. lagocephalus showed a restricted exploratory behaviour and a strong site fidelity to a particular part of the watershed. The detection of adult movement was typically only between adjacent locations and is possibly explained by shifts in local intraspecific hierarchies and/or displacement during extreme discharge caused by cyclones.     

The Role of Traditional Irrigation Canals in a Long Term Environmental Perspective A Case Study in Southern France： The Durance Basin

The agricultural sector is often considered to be the largest water consumer and the policy aimed at saving irrigation water exists across Europe. The flip-side of such policy, however, is the disappearance of traditional irrigation canals since farmers are encouraged to turn to drip irrigation and overhead irrigation gradually. Given this, we would like to argue that traditional irrigation canals need to be reexamined. Such canals are not only built aquatic infrastructure, they are also the product of a culture and social relationship with water in the Mediterranean region. Canals form a complex system which is driven by environmental, economic and social factors. Our sociological and environmental research in Provence （and around the Durance basin more specifically） points up how the very dense territorial network of gravity-fed canals is useful in water management, as well as in other shared uses over the long-term. The findings underscore the positive environmental role played by these historical and anthropogenic constructions. They contribute to refilling the aquifer and also act as a valuable environmental good and service （e.g., run-off regulation, biodiversity, landscape, recreation, etc.）. Further, several local actors have underscored their role as part of an intangible cultural heritage and as important for the area＇s economic and social development. Such canals play a central role in sustainable development since beyond their productive role in agriculture, they play a social role （new uses） and an ecological role （as reservoirs for biodiversity and ecological corridors）.