A multichannel automated chamber system for continuous measurement of forest soil CO2 efflux

We developed a fast-response multi-chamber system for measuring soil-surface CO2 efflux (Fc). The chambers (90 x 90 x 50 cm, L x W x H) had lids that opened and closed automatically, and were connected in parallel to a single CO2 analyzer equipped with a 16-channel gas sampler. Between measurements the chamber lids were raised to allow precipitation and leaf litter to reach the enclosed soil surface. When a chamber was closed, it was ventilated with well-buffered ambient air (125 l min-1) that entered by an inlet on one chamber sidewall and exited through a large vent on the opposite sidewall. The pressure difference between the inside and outside of the chamber was less than 0.22 Pa. Two additional mixing fans maintained an air speed of 0.3 +/- 0.1 m s-1 at 20 cm above the soil surface. Air was withdrawn continuously from the inlets and outlets of each chamber, and fed sequentially to an infrared CO2 analyzer. With this system, we measured Fc in a 40-year-old temperate Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. forest from February 8 to May 30, 2001. Mean Fc increased steadily from 0.9 micro mol m-2 s-1 at the beginning of February to 4.6 micro mol m-2 s-1 by the end of May. There was a statistically significant correlation between Fc and surface soil temperature (r = 0.896; P < 0.0001), and the Q10 value was 2.8. Spatial variation of Fc was higher in the non-growing season than in the growing season. Measurements were not interrupted by either rain or snow.     

Effects of Garcinia cambogia extract on serum sex hormones in overweight subjects

(-) Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), an active ingredient extracted from the Garcinia cambogia fruit rind, has been commonly used as a dietary supplement for weight management. Given the controversy over HCA related testicular toxicity in animal studies, we investigated changes in serum sex hormones levels as an extension of our previous double-blind placebo-controlled trial in human subjects, in which 44 participants received either G. cambogia extract (1667.3 mg/day equivalent to 1000 mg HCA/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. Compared to the placebo group, administration of the extract did not significantly alter the serum testosterone, estrone, and estradiol levels. Similarly, hematology, serum triacylglycerol and serum clinical pathology parameters did not reveal any significant adverse effects. The results of this preliminary investigation indicate that ingestion of G. cambogia extract at dose levels commonly recommended for human use does not affect serum sex hormone levels and blood parameters.     

Vertical soil–air CO2 dynamics at the Takayama deciduous broadleaved forest AsiaFlux site

At the Takayama deciduous broadleaved forest Asiaflux site in Japan, the ecosystem carbon dynamics have been studied for more than two decades. In 2005, we installed non-dispersive infrared CO₂ sensors in the soil below the site’s flux tower to systematically study vertical soil–air CO₂ dynamics and explain the behavior of soil surface CO₂ efflux. Soil–air CO₂ concentrations measured from June 2005 through May 2006 showed sinusoidal variation, with maxima in July and minima in winter, similar to the soil CO₂ effluxes measured simultaneously using open-flow chambers. Soil–air CO₂ concentrations increased with soil depth from 5 to 50 cm: from 2,000 to 8,000 ppm in the summer and from 2,000 to 3,000 ppm in the winter under snow. Summer soil–air CO₂ concentrations were positively correlated with soil moisture on daily and weekly scales, indicating that the Oi, Oe, and A horizons, where decomposition is accelerated by high-moisture conditions, contributed substantially to CO₂ emissions. This result is consistent with the short residence time (about 2 h) of CO₂ in the soil and larger emissions in shallow soil layers based on our diffusion model. We revealed for the first time that soil–air CO₂ concentrations in winter were correlated with both snow depth and wind speed. CO₂ transfer through the snow was hundreds of times the gas diffusion rates in the soil. Our estimate of the CO₂ efflux during the snow-cover season was larger than previous estimates at TKY, and confirmed the important contribution of the snow-cover season to the site’s carbon dynamics.     

不同覆盖方式对烤烟成熟期根系活力和叶片衰老特性的影响

以烤烟K326为试材,在大田条件下研究了前膜后草、地膜覆盖、无覆盖3种不同覆盖方式下烤烟成熟期根系活力和叶片衰老特性变化.结果表明,与常规栽培相比,前膜后草覆盖方式下,烤烟成熟期根系活力显著提高,叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量较高,叶片保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性较强,MDA含量较低,烤烟衰老速度缓慢,延长烤烟成熟期,提高烤烟经济性状;而地膜覆盖方式下,烤烟根系活力降低,叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量急剧下降,叶片保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性下降,烤烟膜脂过氧化程度加剧,烤烟衰老速度加快.     

抛秧水稻生长发育与产量形成的生态生理机制——I．活棵立苗及其生态生理特点

针对抛秧持有的秧苗直立过程，以洗根手插为对照，研究了抛秧稻活棵立苗及其生理生态特点。结果表明，抛秧稻带土秧苗抛后，平躺小苗、中苗、大苗一般分别在2－5、5－6、7－10天内直立。在活棵立苗期间抛秧稻苗体内水分、养分及肖合等状况明显优于同质洗根手插苗。根、叶、蘖等生长在数量、质量上也优于同质洗根手插苗。抛秧稻缓苗恢复的先后顺序为发根、出叶速度加快，体内养分含有率及干物重的递增。秧苗素质、苗龄、带土状况、苗姿以及水、温等一些内外因素均对抛秧稻活棵立苗有不同程度的间接或直接影响。     

磷酰胺除草剂APM诱导洋葱根尖分生组织细胞异常有丝分裂和蛋白质组分变化

研究了不同浓度APM(4～6 μmol/L)和不同处理时间(4～6 h)对洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响.结果表明,当用5.6 μmol/L APM处理洋葱分生组织16 h后,中期细胞有丝分裂指数(Met.Ⅰ)从0.8(对照)分别提高至5.0、5.2.结果也同时表明,当APM浓度超过4 μmol/L时,严重影响细胞有丝分裂.在根尖细胞中,多极分裂细胞(尤其是3～4级),中期染色     

β-环糊精对毒死蜱的分子识别研究

为研究β-环糊精(β-Cyclodextrin, β-CD)在农药高效利用和环境保护等领域中应用的可行性,本试验采用研磨法、超声波法和饱和水溶液法制备了β-CD与毒死蜱的包合物,并利用紫外光谱、差示热分析和红外光谱法分析验证了包合物的形成以及毒死蜱在β-CD溶液中的包结行为。结果表明饱和水溶液法的包合效果最佳,包合率达到45.8%;最佳条件为：投料比为1：1（摩尔比）,恒温搅拌时间为3h,包合温度为60℃;验证结果表明反应形成了包合比为1：1的包合物,且稳定常数为K=33.33 L/mol,吉布斯函数△G =-8.69 KJ/mol;本试验证明了β-CD能够对毒死蜱产生包合作用,毒死蜱分子部分功能基团进入了β-CD空腔,并形成了稳定包合物。     

饼肥与沼渣配比对烤烟生长发育及其内在品质的影响

采用室内分析与大田试验相结合的方法,研究分析了沼渣与饼肥不同配合比例对烤烟生长发育及品质的影响。结果表明:在饼肥与沼渣氮素含量1∶1施用时,可以增加烟株叶片数、株高、叶长和叶宽,提高烟株的抗病性,促进烤烟生长发育,缩短烤烟生育期1~6 d;根、叶和全株干物质重量在饼肥与沼渣不同配比处理间的差异达到5%的显著水平,茎干物质重在处理间差异不显著;饼肥氮素含量较高的处理烟株干物质含量较高,烟叶产量和产值也较高;沼渣氮素含量较高的处理烟叶均价和等级结构较高;饼肥与沼渣氮含量1∶1施用能够兼顾烤烟产值和等级结构,还可以提高烟叶外观质量,增强烤烟内在化学成分协调性,改善感官评吸的香气质和香气量等。     

青海12号蚕豆栽培技术优化研究

采用二次饱和D－最优化设计,以肥料（x1）、密度（x2）与打顶期（x3）等3项蚕豆主要农艺措施为试验变量,建立青海12号蚕豆产量与主要变量的数学模型,以模型为基础,分析各因素对青海12号蚕豆产量的影响效应,并决策优化栽培方案,为丰产栽培技术规范制定提供依据。     

Dynamical niche sets-based cooperativeevolutionary algorithm for job shop scheduling

Job shop scheduling is an important part of manufacturing process. Pre-mature, local optimal solution or low convergence rate of Genetic Algorithm may come across in solving scheduling problem in multi-Job shop. To avoid those unhealthy tendencies, this paper introduced the Dynamical Niche Sets-based Cooperative Evolutionary Algorithm model.In the Algorithm, Process-based chromosome encoding method was used; the crossover operator and mutation operator were designed to adjust operation sequences and choose process routes. The cooperative scheduling problem in multi-Job shop was solved using dynamical niche sets technology and multi-population cooperative evolution method. The Experiment result shows the proposed method has good advantages.