Effect of conjoint application of indigenous PGPR and chemical fertilizers on productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) under mid hills of Himachal Pradesh

The present study was conducted to work out the conjoint application of indigenous PGPR (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) and chemical fertilizers levels on the productivity of maize (Zea mays L.). Three best PGPR isolates (B1N1, MAT1 and DHK) having maximum PGP (plant growth promoting) traits were screened at different recommended doses (80%, 60% and 40%) of NP (Nitrogen and Phosphorous) under net house conditions, and finally two isolates (B1N1 and MAT1) along with optimum dose i.e. 80% of NP were selected for field experimentation, which was performed for two years consecutively i.e. 2013–2015 under random block design (RBD). Conjoint application of 80% recommended doses of NP with PGPR (B1N1) significantly increased maize yield (11.7%), plant height (12.9%) and biomass (17.9%), over control (100% recommend dose of fertilizer (RDF) of chemical fertilizer). Therefore, the results revealed the potential of indigenous PGPR isolates to supplement about 20% NP fertilizers without hampering the productivity of maize.     

Chlamydial Group Antigen: Its Preparation and Use in complement Fixation Test for Measuring Chlamydial Group Antibodies in Animals

Chlamydien Gruppentantigen: Seine Herstellung und Anwendung in der Komplementbindungsreaktion zur Messung des Antikörpergehalts in Tieren gegen die Chlamydiengruppe Ein hochwirksames, ätherextrahiertes Gruppenantigen (Titer 1:256) wurde hergestellt. Benutzt wurde Stamm Bour von Chlamydia Trachomatis. Bei dieser Technik werden nur solche Einrichtungen benötigt, wie sie in jedem Routinelabor zu finden sind. Insgesamt wurden 886 Seren von gesund erscheinenden Rindern, Büffeln, Schafen und Ziegen (etwa 200 Stück pro Tierart) mit Hilfe der KBR gegen das Chlamydien-Gruppenantigen getestet. Serologisch positiv reagierten 53% der Rinder, 44% der Büffel, 52,9% der Ziegen und 38% der Schafe. Es wurden Titer zwischen 1:4 und 1:64 beobachtet. Die Verbreitung der Gruppen-Antikörper bei diesen Tieren, die keine offensichtliche Erkrankung zeigen, wird diskutiert.     

Changes induced by phorate in the carbohydrate metabolism of the snail Lymnaea acuminata

Carbohydrate metabolism was studied in the hepatopancreas, mantle, intestine and foot of the snail Lymnaea acuminata, exposed to 40% and 80% of the LC₅₀ dose of phorate (12 and 24 mg litre^?1, respectively) for 24 and 48 h. Following treatment with the pesticide, the rate of oxygen consumption and the glycogen contents were reduced, while the levels of lactic acid and reducing sugars were enhanced. Withdrawal of the pesticide for 7 days after exposure of the snails to 12 mg of phorate litre^?1 for 48 h did not reverse these changes.     

Effect of thiourea on the histopathology and the reproductive performance of the male flesh fly Sarcophaga ruficornis (Fabr.)

When newly emerged and 24-hour-old male flesh flies Sarcophaga ruficornis (Fabr.) were fed on food containing 1.5% thiourea for 24 h, there was a small decrease in the size of the testes in both cases. Disturbance in spermatogenesis and histopathological damage were also observed in both cases. However, in the newly emerged flies the effect was mainly on secondary spermatocytes and spermatids, while in the others the effect was more pronounced on spermatogonia. The reproductive performance in respect of the production of larvae was considerably diminished in the newly emerged treated flies and was even further diminished in flies that were 24 h old when treated. The rate of adult emergence, however, remained unaffected for both kinds.     

Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene: A Simple Method for Identification of Poultry Meat Species

Chicken (Gallus gallus), duck (Anas platyrhynchos), turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and quail (Coturnix japonica) are the common poultry species consumed as meat throughout the world. In this work, a molecular technique has been developed for identification and differentiation of meat originating from these species. This tool helps in detection of misrepresentation of different poultry meats. The technique involves the extraction of DNA from the given sample, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene using universal primers, restriction analysis with selected restriction enzymes, followed by identification of meat species based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern. In this study, we used HinfI, Mph1103I, MvaI, and Eco47I to identify and differentiate to poultry species referred to above. This species identification technique has also been applied successfully to processed meat products including those cooked at 120^∘C for 30 min. Simplicity of interpretation of results combined with versatility makes this a convenient and appropriate technique in the hands of meat analysts for identifying poultry meat species.     

Are well‐intended Buddhist practices an under‐appreciated threat to global aquatic biodiversity?

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Carbon sources affect water quality and haemato‐biochemical responses of Labeo rohita in zero‐water exchange biofloc system

Biofloc technology degrades waste into useful resources exploiting microbes and can be used in zero‐water exchange systems. To study the effect of different biofloc systems on haematological and metabolic response of Labeo rohita fingerlings, a 60‐days experiment was conducted using four long lasting carbon sources. Seven hundred and fifty fingerlings having mean weight of 4.80 ± 0.12 g were randomly distributed into 15 tanks (n = 50 per tank). Five experimental groups were set in triplicate; T1 (Tapioca), T2 (Wheat), T3 (Corn) T4 (Sugar bagasse) and control (clear water). In‐situ biofloc was developed in 300 L fibre‐reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks and a C/N ratio of 15 was maintained. Water quality variables indicated ammonia immobilization by heterotrophic bacteria, as the dominant mechanism for the removal of toxic‐nitrogenous compounds in the biofloc systems. Results exhibited significantly higher floc volume (53.33 ± 7.88 ml/L), haemoglobin content (6.61 ± 0.03 g/dl) and total leucocyte count (109.66 ± 0.06 thousand cells/mm³) in tapioca biofloc system. Furthermore, the digestive and anti‐oxidative enzymes activities were also significantly higher in tapioca biofloc system. The lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase enzyme assays showed a decreased level in tapioca biofloc system as compared with other biofloc systems and control group. Our observations indicate that tapioca biofloc system could improve the water quality, haematological and anti‐stress responses of L. rohita fingerlings in biofloc systems and thus can effectively replace other carbohydrate sources for the biofloc system.     

Specific immune response in mucosal and systemic compartments of Cirrhinus mrigala vaccinated against Edwardsiella tarda: In vivo kinetics using different antigen delivery routes

Mucosal immune barriers confer protection against invading fish pathogens. Here, we conducted an experiment for 60 days to assess the mucosal and systemic immune response in Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), an Indian major carp. Fish were immunized with inactivated Edwardsiella tarda by four different routes, namely, oral, immersion, injection, and anal intubation. An indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the specific immune response (antibody) in serum and mucus (collected from skin, gill, and gut) of the fish on 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days postimmunization. For specific immune response in the serum, significantly higher (p < 0.05) optical density (OD) values were obtained in the anal group (0.52 ± 0.03) and in the oral group (0.48 ± 0.03). In the skin mucus, significantly higher OD values were obtained in the oral group (0.48 ± 0.04) and immersion group (0.32 ± 0.03). In the gill mucus, significantly higher OD values were obtained in the oral group (0.82 ± 0.08) and the immersion group (0.73 ± 0.03). In the gut mucus, significantly higher OD values were obtained in the immersion group (0.080 ± 0.007) compared to the rest of the treatments. Fish from all the groups were challenged with LD₅₀ dose of E. tarda at the end of the experiment. We conclude that oral and immersion immunization routes offer better protection of C. mrigala compared to other antigen delivery routes.     

Antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of the freeze-dried Amazonian palm berry, Euterpe oleraceae mart. (acai)

The fruit of Euterpe oleraceae, commonly known as acai, has been demonstrated to exhibit significantly high antioxidant capacity in vitro, especially for superoxide and peroxyl scavenging, and, therefore, may have possible health benefits. In this study, the antioxidant capacities of freeze-dried acai fruit pulp/skin powder (OptiAcai) were evaluated by different assays with various free radical sources. It was found to have exceptional activity against superoxide in the superoxide scavenging (SOD) assay, the highest of any food reported to date against the peroxyl radical as measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay with fluorescein as the fluorescent probe (ORACFL), and mild activity against both the peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical by the peroxynitrite averting capacity (NORAC) and hydroxyl radical averting capacity (HORAC) assays, respectively. The SOD of acai was 1614 units/g, an extremely high scavenging capacity for O2*-, by far the highest of any fruit or vegetable tested to date. Total phenolics were also tested as comparison. In the total antioxidant (TAO) assay, antioxidants in acai were differentiated into "slow-acting" and "fast-acting" components. An assay measuring inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in freshly purified human neutrophils showed that antioxidants in acai are able to enter human cells in a fully functional form and to perform an oxygen quenching function at very low doses. Furthermore, other bioactivities related to anti-inflammation and immune functions were also investigated. Acai was found to be a potential cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibitor. It also showed a weak effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide but no effect on either lymphocyte proliferation and phagocytic capacity.