Effects of Acid Deposition on Forest Soils in Northernmost Russia: Modelled and Field Data

In addition to strong natural stresses forest ecosystems in the Kola Subarctic, Russia, receive high loads of sulphur and heavy metals from the nickel smelter. To estimate soil response to acid deposition we compared the soil field data along a pollution gradient and simulated time effects. Multivariate technique was applied to investigate spatial distribution of soil field data. Time response of soils to acid deposition was evaluated with the SMART model. According to field observations there is no evidence for strong soil acidification effects close to the smelter. Concentrations of exchangeable Ca and base saturation increase, while acidity decrease in lower soil mineral horizons towards the pollution source. However, some features seem to reflect the early stages of the started acidification. Most soil profiles have low pH values. Despite increasing of exchangeable Ca and Mg towards the smelter in lower mineral horizons due to geological inheritance, they do not reveal the same trends in the upper ones. Concentration of exchangeable K in organic horizons decreases towards the smelter, thus confirming the starting acidification. As result, exchangeable base cations are depleted in the considerable part of shallow soil profiles. According to model simulation the present acid load does not effect considerably on forest soils in background areas, however, dramatic shift in soil chemistry near the smelter is expected within several decades. Due to low pool of exchangeable base cations and low weathering rate continued acid deposition can lead to increased soil acidification and nutrient imbalance.     

环磷酰胺诱导的尼罗罗非鱼体内外肝损伤模型的构建

以环磷酰胺(CTX)为诱导物，建立罗非鱼体内外急性肝损伤模型。体外，0、5、10、15、20和25 mmol·L^-1 CTX 分别作用于离体培养的罗非鱼精密肝切片（PCLS）6 h 后，测定切片培养上清中谷丙转氨酶（GPT）、谷草转氨酶（GOT）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平，同时收集肝切片，用噻唑蓝（MTT）法检测肝切片增殖活性，测定切片内总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平。体内，采用胸腔注射法造模，每千克鱼体重分别注射0、10、25、75和100 mg环磷酰胺（下文以mg·kg^-1表示），每隔3 d给药1次，连续3次。末次给药后第4天取血，测定罗非鱼血清中GPT、 GOT 和LDH及肝组织匀浆中T-AOC 、MDA、SOD和GSH水平。结果显示： 20～25 mmol·L^-1 CTX作用体外培养精密肝切片6 h及75～100 mg·kg^-1 CTX胸腔注射罗非鱼后，均可以导致GPT、GOT和 LDH 活力显著升高；T-AOC、SOD活力及GSH含量显著下降，MDA含量显著提高。同时，20 和25 mmol·L^-1 CTX能导致肝切片增殖活性显著下降，分别为空白对照组的67.29%和55.41%，且有剂量依赖性。结果表明：CTX可引起罗非鱼肝损伤；分别采用20 mmol·L^-1 CTX 作用体外培养PCLS 6 h或者采用75～100 mg·kg^-1 CTX胸腔注射罗非鱼，每隔3 d给药1次，连续3次，均可以构建体内外急性肝损伤模型。