Fumigant Toxicity and Repellence Activity of Camphor Essential Oil from Cinnamonum camphora Siebold Against Solenopsis invicta Workers (Hymenoptera:Formicidae)

The red imported fire ant (RIFA) Solenopsis invicta Buren causes severe damage to humans and animals as well as the environment. Chemical treatment is the main strategy of RIFA management, which also is potentially toxic to the environment. Plant essential oils (EOs) are considered as potential substance that can be used to control insects. This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of camphor EO and investigate the insecticidal activity on RIFAs. The chemical composition of the EO was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Results revealed that 36.61% camphor and 30.05% cineole were the major components. The insecticidal activity of camphor EO was assessed against RIFA workers by conducting two different bioassays: fumigant toxicity and repellence. Fumigant toxicity assay results showed that the lethal dose (LC₅₀) of the EO at 24 h was 1.67 and 4.28 μg/ml for minor and major workers, respectively; knockdown time (KT₅₀) was 10.82 and 14.73 h. At 2.55 μg/ml, the highest average mortality of the ants was 84.89% after 72 h. Camphor EO exhibited fumigant toxicity against minor and major workers as indicated by the effects on attacking, feeding, and climbing behaviors. This EO was also strongly repellent to the two size workers of the colony as observed in their behavior against Tenebrio molitor treated with 5 µl EO. The fumigant toxicity and repellence of camphor EO against RIFA indicated that this substance could be a potential alternative for the development of eco-friendly products used to control pests.     

Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance,whole body composition and fatty acid composition of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

We evaluated the effects of dietary lipid levels on the growth, whole body composition and fatty acid composition of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Triplicate groups of 120 juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio (average weight: 2.05 g) were fed four isonitrogenic diets formulated with lipid levels of 1.4% (low), 6.1% (control), 11.6% (medium) and 21.1% (high) for 60 days. Weight gain in the 11.6% lipid group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio decreased and protein efficiency ratio increased (P > 0.05) as dietary lipid levels increased. N‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were not detected in faeces. The whole body lipid contents of 11.6% and 21.1% lipid level groups were significantly higher than that of the 1.4% and 6.1% lipid level groups (P < 0.05). The content of whole body n‐3 PUFA in the 21.1% lipid level group enhanced significantly (P < 0.05). The whole body contents of eicosapntemacnioc acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the 21.1% lipid level group were the highest (P < 0.05). These results indicated that high dietary lipid levels (21.1%) inhibit weight gain and promoted fat and n‐3 PUFA deposition in juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio, which led to liver damage. A dietary lipid level of 11.6% was determined to be optimal for growth performance of juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio.     

臭氧防治土壤病虫害成套技术

通过10余年的反复试验、研究,探索出一套以臭氧、渗灌和生物肥为主的综合物理生物技术,可有效防治土壤连作障碍带来的一系列问题。阐述了该技术的起源、内涵,理论研究方面的误区,以及相关的试验成果,并提出了臭氧防治土壤病虫害成套技术的推广建议。      

外源磷处理对水稻籽粒植酸含量及相关代谢基因表达的影响

利用水稻穗离体培养方法,对不同外源磷浓度下水稻籽粒植酸等磷化物含量的差异及其植酸代谢相关功能基因在灌浆过程中的表达特征进行了探讨。结果表明,水稻籽粒中的植酸、无机磷和总磷含量随外源磷处理浓度上升呈增加趋势,但磷处理对千粒重和单位籽粒中植酸积累量的影响因磷浓度水平而异,高磷处理会导致水稻千粒重和籽粒植酸积累绝对量的显著降低;外源磷处理浓度的上升,不仅会引起水稻籽粒中锌和铁元素含量的显著降低,而且会导致锌、铁营养的生物有效性下降;外源磷处理对水稻籽粒植酸含量的影响与不同磷处理下RINO1基因的相对表达量之间存在较密切关系,中磷浓度(3P)处理会诱导RINO1基因的表达,但高磷浓度(12P)会抑制RINO1基因的表达,RINO1是外源磷浓度处理对水稻籽粒植酸合成代谢过程产生调控作用的一个重要功能基因位点,而IPK2基因与水稻在不同磷浓度处理下的植酸含量变化无直接联系。     

鱼塘种稻对养殖水体营养物质的去除作用研究

以黄颡鱼精养塘为例,探索鱼塘种植高秆型水稻对精养池塘水体氮磷养分等水质指标的修复作用。结果表明,在水稻生长期,种稻黄颡鱼精养塘水体氮、磷养分含量显著低于单养鱼池塘。在水稻收获期,单养鱼塘水体总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量高达11.98mg/L和0.52mg/L,超过了《淡水池塘养殖水排放要求》标准;而种稻鱼塘水体中TN、TP含量则仅为0.49mg/L和0.08mg/L,达到《淡水池塘养殖水排放要求》一级排放标准。种稻鱼塘水体中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP和PO43--P含量比不种稻单养鱼塘分别降低95.95%、98.09%、98.07%、84.47%和64.57%。种稻鱼塘COD含量和pH值低于单养鱼塘。可见,种稻能有效降低水体养分含量,改善养殖水体水质。     

Evaluation of genotypic variation in heat tolerance of tall fescue by functional traits

Tall fescue is an important cool season turfgrass. Summer high temperature negatively affects the performance of tall fescue in transitional and warm climate zones. To identify heat tolerant material, 120 tall fescue accessions from different regions of the world were collected and subjected to high temperature under the greenhouse and the growth chamber conditions. Average temperature was 43 °C in the greenhouse trial. Meanwhile, in the growth chamber trial there were 38/30 °C (day/night) and 25/16 °C for heat stress and control, respectively. Leaf water content, leaf dry weight, leaf fresh weight, growth rate (GR), turf quality (TQ), survival rate (SR), chlorophyll content (Chl), evapotranspiration rate (ET) and electrolyte leakage were determined. Significant effects of accessions, duration time and heat treatment on most characteristics were observed. Wild accessions exhibited higher variations in most of the studied traits than commercial cultivars. There were differences in GR and ET with greater variation coefficients than other traits between accessions, suggesting GR and ET could be effective indices for evaluating heat tolerance of tall fescue accessions. Three principal components in growth chamber trial and two principal components in greenhouse trial were extracted. Principal component analysis indicated that common PC1, correlated with TQ, SR and Chl, was named as “turf performance component”, which explained 43.17 % and 39.24 % of genetic variations in the greenhouse trial and the growth chamber trial, respectively. PC2 that defined as “growth potential component” could explain 23.26 % of total variability in the greenhouse trial and 20.36 % in the growth chamber trial. PC3 was named as “leaf water potential component”. Two regression models (F = 0.65 × F1 + 0.35 × F2) and (F = 0.54 × F1 + 0.28 × F2 + 0.18 × F3) were formulated by factor analysis to evaluate heat tolerance of tall fescue accessions in greenhouse and growth chamber trials, respectively. Accessions from subtropical monsoon climate zone generally exhibited better heat tolerance. In contrast, accessions from East Asia showed more heat sensitive. Finally, five accessions including PI 598574, PI 608787, PI 559374, Pure Gold and PI 527504 were selected as heat tolerant accessions for future tall fescue breeding.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci with main and epistatic effects for plant architecture traits in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Plant architecture is important for cotton cultivation and breeding. In this study, two mapping generations/populations F₂ and F_2:3 in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), derived from ‘Baimian1’ and TM‐1, were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 10 plant architecture traits. A total of 55 main‐effect QTLs (M‐QTLs) were detected. Four common M‐QTLs, qTFB‐10(F₂/F_2:3) for total fruit branches, qFBL‐26b(F₂)/qFBL‐26(F_2:3) for fruit branch length, qFBA‐5(F₂/F_2:3) for fruit branch angle and qFBN‐26b(F₂)/qFBN‐26(F_2:3) for fruit branch nodes, were found. The synergistic alleles and the negative alleles can be utilized in cotton plant architecture breeding programmes according to specific breeding objectives. Altogether 54 pairs of epistatic QTLs (E‐QTLs) exhibiting the interactions of additive‐by‐additive (AA), additive‐by‐dominant (AD), dominant‐by‐additive (DA) and dominant‐by‐dominant (DD) were detected. The epistasis appeared to be an important contributor to genetic variation in cotton plant architecture traits. Therefore, the identified markers associated with E‐QTLs as well as M‐QTLs will be of importance in future breeding programmes to develop cotton cultivars exhibiting desirable plant architecture.