能量对妊娠后期母羊健康及其羔羊的影响

妊娠后期是胎儿生长发育的关键时期,胎儿体重增长的80%在此阶段完成,因此该阶段母羊的能量需要量大于其他生理阶段。高产多胎是肉用种母羊的重要培育目标,当母羊处于营养水平较低的草场或舍饲条件下,怀双羔或多羔母羊的日粮能量水平不能满足其营养需要时,母羊会动用体内的糖原、体蛋白和体脂以弥补能量不足,致使母羊的代谢紊乱,肝机能受损,产生羊妊娠毒血症,影响母羊的健康和胚胎的健康生长,产出弱羔、病羔,并可能影响产后羔羊的健康生长。因此,研究妊娠后期能量水平对母羊健康、胚胎发育、羔羊生长及肉羊养殖业的发展都有重要的指导意义。作者对不同能量水平对妊娠母羊的健康、繁殖性能、泌乳性能、胚胎与羔羊生长的影响展开讨论,阐明妊娠后期能量的作用。当母羊妊娠后期能量受到限制时,母羊的体重降低,乳腺发育受阻,泌乳能力下降,受胎率下降;同时胚胎的生长速度降低,影响胚胎与产后羔羊组织器官发育和正常生长。     

规模化猪场非洲猪瘟防控

非洲猪瘟疫情已经成为制约养猪业发展的头号杀手,生猪稳产保供任务引起高度重视,因此,防控非洲猪瘟疫情是各级政府和养猪企业的重点工作之一,该文主要论述规模化猪场非洲猪瘟防控措施。     

Cloning and expression analysis of PRL and PRLR genes in black Muscovy duck

ABSTRACT

1. Prolactin hormone (governed by the PRL gene) is secreted by the anterior pituitary of animals, which combines with its receptor (prolactin receptor, PRLR) to act on target cells. Both PRL and PRLR are mainly associated with reproductive performance. The genetic mechanism of nesting in poultry is not yet clear, and so the aim of the current study was to determine expression patterns of PRL and PRLR at different times across the breeding stages of black Muscovy ducks.

2. In this study, the CDS regions of PRL and PRLR were determined by RACE sequencing. The expression levels of PRL and PRLR in the pituitary, ovary and uterus from the black Muscovy duck were compared and analysed during the pre-laying, laying and nesting periods.

3. The results showed that PRL and PRLR are highly homologous in a variety of poultry species. The expression of the PRL gene in the pituitary was the highest, which was significantly higher than seen in the ovary and uterus. This trend ran through the entire prenatal period, i.e. the laying period and the nesting period. The expression level of the PRLR gene in the pituitary and ovary was generally low, and expression in the uterus was the highest. There was no significant difference in expression of the PRLR gene between pituitary and ovary during different periods, but the expression level of the PRLR gene in the uterus reached its highest level during the nesting stage, which was significantly higher than seen in the early laying period.     

A novel epidemiological model to better understand and predict the observed seasonal spread of Pestivirus in Pyrenean chamois populations

Seasonal variations in individual contacts give rise to a complex interplay between host demography and pathogen transmission. This is particularly true for wild populations, which highly depend on their natural habitat. These seasonal cycles induce variations in pathogen transmission. The seasonality of these biological processes should therefore be considered to better represent and predict pathogen spread. In this study, we sought to better understand how the seasonality of both the demography and social contacts of a mountain ungulate population impacts the spread of a pestivirus within, and the dynamics of, this population. We propose a mathematical model to represent this complex biological system. The pestivirus can be transmitted both horizontally through direct contact and vertically in utero. Vertical transmission leads to abortion or to the birth of persistently infected animals with a short life expectancy. Horizontal transmission involves a complex dynamics because of seasonal variations in contact among sexes and age classes. We performed a sensitivity analysis that identified transmission rates and disease-related mortality as key parameters. We then used data from a long-term demographic and epidemiological survey of the studied population to estimate these mostly unknown epidemiological parameters. Our model adequately represents the system dynamics, observations and model predictions showing similar seasonal patterns. We show that the virus has a significant impact on population dynamics, and that persistently infected animals play a major role in the epidemic dynamics. Modeling the seasonal dynamics allowed us to obtain realistic prediction and to identify key parameters of transmission.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-015-0218-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

12种藏药对鸡胚成纤维细胞的安全浓度和生长的影响

用MTT法测定了藏菖蒲、红景天、决明子、灵芝盖、灵芝柄、龙胆、天冬、降香、乳香、仁青芒觉、二十五味珍珠丸、二十五味松石丸等12种藏药对体外培养的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)的安全浓度和生长的影响.结果显示,各藏药的最大安全质量浓度红景天为31.25 mg/L,天冬、降香、决明子和二十五味松石丸为62.5 mg/L,乳香为125mg/L,二十五味珍珠丸为250 mg/L,藏菖蒲和灵芝柄为1 000 mg/L,龙胆和仁青芒觉为2 500 mg/L,灵芝盖为5 000 mg/L,藏菖蒲为1.954～500 mg/L,天冬为1.954～15.625 mg/L,决明子为1.954～3.907 mg/L,灵芝柄为1.954～7.813 mg/L,仁青芒觉为19.54～1 250 mg/L,龙胆为312.5～625 mg/L,可显著促进细胞生长.     

Fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat from Nellore steers fed dry or high moisture corn and calcium salts of fatty acids

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the fatty acid composition of the Longissimus muscle from carcasses of Nellore steers fed diets with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) and high moisture corn. Forty eight steers were fed during 70 days four diets containing dry corn (DC), high moisture corn (HM), dry corn plus CSFA (DC-CSFA) or high moisture corn plus CSFA (HM-CSFA). Fatty acid composition of the Longissimus muscle was determined by gas chromatography. Corn type had no effect on the ether extract percentage and in the content of the majority of the fatty acids, although steers fed HMC showed higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated/saturated ratio. Feeding CSFA increased ether extract percentage but had no effect on total of saturated, unsaturated and saturated: unsaturated ratio. Both high moisture corn and calcium salts of fatty acids increased CLA (cis9, trans11) and total CLA concentrations in intramuscular fat.     

早期妊娠猕猴孕激素水平的检测

利用全自动化学发光免疫分析仪检测正常未妊娠的与不同孕期猕猴血清中雌二醇及孕酮的分泌水平。结果表明孕5d、10d、25d、30d血清孕酮比正常猕猴的分泌水平有非常明显的上升（P〈0.01）,孕15d也有显著的上升（P〈0.05）;孕15d、20d的雌二醇分泌水平比正常组有非常显著升高（P〈0.01）,而孕5d、10d、2...     

Prevalence of ulcers of the squamous gastric mucosa in standardbred horses

This study was performed to determine the prevalence of ulcers in the gastric squamous mucosa in Standardbred racehorses. Observations were performed at monthly intervals between the beginning of their training season and their 1st qualifying race. This study also identified risk factors at different levels of race training. Forty-eight Standardbred racehorses from 3 training stables in Quebec, Canada, were studied. Baseline historical information and gastroscopic findings were recorded at the beginning of the trial, and once a month thereafter, between December 2001 and June 2002, until the horse's 1st qualifying race or the end of the training. Intensity of training ranged from jogging to intensive training just before the 1st race and was assigned an ordinal score. Location of squamous ulcers and their appearance were observed on gastroscopy, and an ordinal score was assigned. Prevalence of squamous ulcers from the 2nd through the 4th month (72-88%) of training remained at a significantly higher level (P = .002 to .04) than at the onset of the study (38%) and was also higher in intensely trained horses than in joggers (93% versus 56%). Moderate or more intensive training increased the odds (odds ratio [OR], 3.39; confidence interval [CI], 1.34-8.56; and OR, 11.4; CI, 3.21-40.5, respectively) of detecting ulcers with higher scores. These odds were also higher in trotters (OR, 2.17; CI, 1.07-4.43) than in pacers and generally increased with the duration of training. Duration of training, training level, and gait type also influenced the number of sites with ulcers in the same way. Ulcers had higher scores along the lesser curvature (LC) and the margo plicatus (MP) areas of the stomach. It was concluded that squamous ulcers appeared early in the training of Standardbred racehorses, that the number of sites affected and the ulcer score are related to the intensity of training, and that trotters are more prone to squamous ulcers than pacers.     

调控东亚飞蝗体温的主要环境因子分析

为明确东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis体温在常年发生区与环境因子之间的关系,于2015—2016年采用直接抓取和网捕方法在天津市北大港蝗区捕捉东亚飞蝗的秋蝗和夏蝗,测量其瞬时体温以及周围4类8个环境指标,应用因子分析法评价东亚飞蝗体温与环境因子的关系。结果表明,东亚飞蝗白天体温比夜间高,平均体温高于26.5℃;且体温在白天出现2次高峰,分别是上午11点左右的49.0℃和下午14点左右的47.2℃。无论是夏蝗还是秋蝗,其体温均随着龄期增加呈现上升趋势,2～5龄蝗蝻、成虫的平均体温依次为36.9、37.0、37.6、37.2、38.0℃。因子分析结果表明,植被冠层温度是影响飞蝗体温的关键因子,飞蝗所处地面温度对其体温影响最大;风速和植株高度是影响飞蝗体温的重要分因子;植株高度与体温成负相关。表明植被冠层温度与东亚飞蝗的体温变化最为密切。