农村居民点用地的多功能性划分及其农户利用差异性评价

受农户生计方式多元化和城市文化的影响,农村居民点内部用地分工更为明显且呈多功能性,探讨农村居民点用地的多功能性及农户个体利用的差异性特征,既利于客观测算农村居民点用地资产价值,又能为合理设计农民新居内部构型提供理论基础。研究以重庆市江津区燕坝村1 923处农村居民点用地为研究对象,在农村居民点用地的多功能性划分基础上构建多功能评价指标体系,测算农村居民点用地的优势功能,进而辨析不同生计类型农户的农村居民点用地优势功能差异性。其结果为:按照二级分类体系,农村居民点用地可划分为居住用地、农业生产用地、非农生产用地、附属用地4个1级地类,堂屋用地、圈舍养殖用地、院落用地等11个2级地类;不同生计类型农户的农村居民点用地优势功能差异明显,农业专业化发展型农户以农业生产功能为主导(优势度达1.987 8),而兼业发展型农户优势功能不明显,具均衡性;农业多样化发展型农户、非农多样化发展型农户、非农专业化发展型农户分别以服务功能(优势度1.873 0)、居住功能(优势度1.569 2)、非农生产功能(优势度2.387 9)为主导。农户生计方式与农村居民点用地优势功能是相适应的,农民新居建设应根据不同生计类型农户的生计方式设计不同的农村居民点用地组合模式。     

1986-2013年黄河宁蒙河段风蚀模数与风沙入河量估算

为缓解宁(宁夏)蒙(内蒙古)河段的淤积问题,需要对该河段风蚀灾害和风沙入黄量的时空变化进行研究。该文选取综合风蚀模拟系统(integrated wind-erosion modeling system,IWEMS)和修订版风蚀方程(revised wind erosion equation,RWEQ)对1986-2013年黄河宁蒙河段风蚀模数进行了估算,并结合风沙输移方程,对不同河段的风沙入黄量进行了计算。发现宁蒙河段的风蚀灾害主要发生在乌兰布和沙漠、库布奇沙漠和河东沙地等沙漠区域。自1986年以来河东沙地的风蚀模数逐渐降低,而乌兰布和沙漠的风蚀模数则逐渐凸显,成为宁蒙河段风蚀最严重的区域。1986-2013年间,整个宁蒙河段受风蚀灾害的面积逐渐减小,平均风蚀模数迅速下降,线性拟合函数斜率高达-182.81。风沙入黄量结果显示,石嘴山—巴彦高勒段的年均风沙入黄量最大,高达9.31×106 t/a;下河沿—青铜峡段最小,其值仅为7.6×105 t/a。另外,除石嘴山—巴彦高勒段之外,其余河段风沙入黄量并未呈现出明显的减小趋势。通过对宁蒙河段气象和土地利用数据的分析,发现宁蒙河段的风蚀模数的变化主要受气候条件的影响。该研究结果可为解决黄河淤积问题、完善黄河沿岸风沙防护体系提供参考。     

磷在潮土肥际微域中的迁移和转化

采用室内土柱实验研究了磷在潮土肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化。结果表明,磷在潮土中的移动距离很短,经过7 d和28 d的迁移,磷的迁移距离仅为8～14 mm。施入的磷主要固定在紧靠施肥点2 mm土体范围内,随距施肥点距离的增加,土壤水溶性磷、酸溶性磷和有效磷的含量呈指数曲线迅速降低。磷在施肥后7 d内的迁移量较大,迁移进入土壤的磷绝大部分被吸附固定。施肥量对不同形态磷在肥际微域中的迁移量产生显著影响;但培养时间只明显影响了水溶性磷的迁移量。     

Characterization of geosmin as source of earthy odor in different aroma type Chinese liquors

Earthy odor is one of the most frequent and serious causes for the aroma deterioration in Chinese liquor, which causes a dirty and dusty impression. The odor in Chinese liquor is similar to that of rice husk, one kind of auxiliary material widely used as a filler in the distillation process. So it is experientially hypothesized that such odor may derive from rice husk. In this paper, the gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) technique and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to discover and identify the characteristic odoriferous zone of Chinese liquor marked by earthy odor. Geosmin was found to be responsible for this odor. The levels of the compound in ten bottled liquors and thirty liquors aging for different years belonging to four different aroma types were determined by the optimized headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method. Quantitative analysis of bottled liquor revealed the presence of geosmin in all aroma type liquors with concentrations ranging from 1.10 μg/L to 9.90 μg/L, except for strong-aroma type liquor. Meanwhile in the aged liquors belonging to the same aroma type, geosmin was detected with significant concentrations and high odor activity values (OAVs) during different years of aging. However, geosmin was not detected in steamed rice husk nor in nonsteamed rice husk, which suggests that rice husk is not the origin of earthy odor in Chinese liquor, and there may be another origin of it during the brewing process.     

Screening of danofloxacin residue in bovine tissue by terbium-sensitized luminescence on c18 sorbent strips

Danofloxacin (DANO) residue in bovine muscle was screened at 200 ng/g by terbium-sensitized luminescence (TSL) directly measured on 10 × 6 mm C18 sorbent strips. The analyte was first adsorbed on sorbent surface by immersion in defatted homogenates. After reagent application and desiccation, TSL was directly measured on sorbent surfaces at λ(ex) = 273 nm and λ(em) = 546 nm. The luminescence intensity was linearly dependent on DANO concentration in the 0-1000 ng/g range (R(2) = 0.9967). A threshold was established at x(200) - 3σ(200), where x(200) and σ(200) are the mean and standard deviation, respectively, of the DANO signals at 200 ng/g. Among 48 blind samples randomly fortified at 0-1000 ng/g, 45 were screened correctly and 3 negative samples were presumed positive. This simple screening protocol has the potential to significantly reduce sample numbers and hence improve sample throughput and save assay costs.     

永春县马尾松摘梢造林试验效果分析

通过对马尾松摘梢与无摘梢造林成活率、胸径生长、高生长情况进行调查分析,结果表明:摘梢造林平均成活率比无摘梢高出28%,摘梢造林与无摘梢造林对马尾松的胸径、树高生长影响均无显著差异,坡位对马尾松的胸径、树高生长影响极显著差异。     

钾在红壤肥际微域中的迁移

钾是植物生长必需的大量元素,施入土壤中的钾主要通过扩散作用与作物根系接触而被吸收利用,其在土壤中的扩散受水分、温度,质地等多种因素的影响[1]。研究钾在土壤中的迁移距离和形态变化有助于了解钾的土壤化学行为,从而指导合理施肥。肥料施入土壤后,特别在集中施用时(条施、穴施、带施等)都会在肥料附近造成一个特殊的环境,在这一微域内,肥料养分的浓度数倍或十几倍于整个土体,它必然会引起一系列特殊的物理、化学、物理化学和生物学的反应。这些反应常常对土壤生产力和植物营养会产生很大影响,研究这一区别于整个土体的特殊区域的特殊反…     

大豆连作土壤肥力变化与有害生物发生的关系

1995—2003年采用定点定期采样系统调查与室内测定相结合的方法,针对连作大豆土壤营养含量、病虫基数与植株体营养,生物学性状、病虫草发生及产量品质的关系进行了研究,并对各相关性状间的关系进行了系统的统计分析,建立了数学模型,对指导大豆的高产优质栽培具有重要的意义。     

干柱层析法制备油茶总皂苷对照品初探

目的 研究干柱层析法制备油茶皂苷对照品的方法。方法 原料用60 %乙醇超声提取,浓缩至无醇味,石油醚脱酯后用正丁醇按3:1体积比加入萃取。取正丁醇层并真空浓缩至干,干法上样于100目~200目硅胶柱色谱分离,用乙酸乙酯-甲醇-正丁醇-水(2:1:4:7)的上相展层;根据Rf值取出相应的条带并用甲醇淋洗收集蒸干,薄层及理化性质检测。结果 该方法所制样品由薄层色谱为一点,纯度较高。结论 该方法简便、实用且制备量大,可作为油茶总皂苷对照品。     

玉米细胞质雄性不育系JnA的分组鉴定及利用

首先对玉米细胞质雄性不育系JnA进行小斑病菌接种鉴定,同时对其花药、花粉形态观察,通过恢保关系鉴定,F2育性分离观察及F1花粉碘液染色镜检,初步确定JnA属于S组细胞质雄性不育。从JnA×恢313的F2出现少量不育株和半恢株的情况看,JnA的不育性的恢复既受主基因控制,又受微效多基因作用。细胞学显微观察发现JnA的败育时期发生在单核晚期至二核花粉期,败育发生与绒毡层解体异常有关。同时对JnA在生产上利用的可行性作了初步研究。