美国东部黑核桃在我国林业建设中的应用前景、存在问题及对策

美国东部黑核桃是一经济价值极高的硬阔叶材树种,它在我国林业建设（用材林、农用防护林、经济林）中有着广阔的应用前景,国内引种工作取得了显著成绩,但也出现了盲目引进、苗木生产有待规范等问题。文中针对这些问题提出了黑核桃引种要适地适树、合理规划、加强良种繁育工作等建议。     

Molecular characterization of a phytoplasma associated with Euonymus bungeanus witches’ broom in China

Euonymus bungeanus plants exhibiting symptoms of abnormal branches, small leaves and phyllody, which is indicative of E. bungeanus witches’ broom (EbWB) disease, have recently been found in Beijing, China. A phytoplasma from symptomatic E. bungeanus plants was identified by 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the phytoplasma‐specific universal primer pair R16mF2/R16mR1. Inoculation of healthy E. bungeanus plants by grafting with diseased scions was also performed. The rp and secY genes of the EbWB phytoplasma were cloned and sequenced as was the 16S rRNA gene. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA, rp and secY genes indicated that the phytoplasma associated with E. bungeanus belongs to the 16SrV‐B, rpV‐C and secY‐C subgroup, the same subgroup as the jujube witches’ broom (JWB) phytoplasma that is widely distributed among jujube trees in China. Comparative analyses based on virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) showed that the EbWB phytoplasma is more closely related to another 16SrV‐B subgroup strain: RPWB (Robinia pseudoacacia witches’ broom). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a witches’ broom phytoplasma in E. bungeanus in China, and the findings add a new cultivated plant species to the already broad natural host range of 16SrV‐B subgroup phytoplasmas.     

榆林沙区沙芥人工栽培试验研究

通过在榆林沙区不同立地条件下进行沙芥栽培试验,结果表明:高垄整地种植沙芥,出苗率高,出苗整齐。穴内留苗2~3株产量较大,高垄整地沙芥年产量最大,是平沙地和背风坡脚的4.52倍和3.42倍;穴内留苗株数与立地条件对沙芥产量的影响均达到差异极显著(P0.01)水平,但两者交互作用影响较小,作用大小依次为留苗数量立地条件立地条件×留苗数量;沙芥产量年变化为单峰曲线,可划分为缓慢生长期、旺盛生长期和衰退期。     

鞭角华扁叶蜂体内多胺的动态

用紫外荧光法测定鞭角华扁叶蜂末龄幼虫及滞育预蛹血淋巴中多胺的动态.结果表明:鞭角华扁叶蜂血淋巴中含有8种多胺,其中腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)、尸胺(Cad)为普遍存在的多胺,其发育的不同阶段,多胺的种类和含量均发生变化;在滞育预蛹的血淋巴中Spm一直保持较高的含量,并在整个滞育期间存在2个峰值;在滞育的前5个月中血淋巴中不存在Spd,之后Spd突然出现,且含量迅速升高;Cad的代谢较平稳,在化蛹前稍有下降;Put的含量除在滞育后3个月左右有较大的峰值外,其余阶段的含量均较高,并在化蛹前有升高的趋势.总之,多胺可能参与鞭角华扁叶蜂预蛹滞育过程.     

Chemical structure and thermal properties of lignin modified with polyethylene glycol during steam explosion

Thermoplastic processing of lignin is restricted by its high glass transition temperature (T _g). In this study, lignin was modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) during steam explosion to improve its thermoplastic properties, and the effects of steam explosion and PEG on the chemical structure and thermal properties of lignin were investigated. Structure characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that hydroxyl and ether functional groups increased and the activity of lignin was improved by steam explosion. In addition, steam explosion treatment was more effective than heat treatment for promoting the reaction of PEG with lignin. Solid-state ¹³C NMR revealed that PEG was grafted onto lignin. The T _g of raw lignin was 164.1 °C; after steam explosion, lignin exhibited more than one T _gs. The T _g of lignin was reduced when the steam explosion temperature increased and decreased further, to around 60 °C, when PEG was used to modify lignin. Therefore, this work provides an effective approach to reducing the high T _g of lignin.     

Optimal management of Korean pine plantations in multifunctional forestry

Korean pine is one of the most important plantation species in northeast China.Besides timber,it produces edible nuts and plantations sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.This study optimized the management of Korean pine plantations for timber production,seed production,carbon sequestration and for the joint production of multiple benefits.As the first step,models were developed for stand dynamics and seed production.These models were used in a simulation–optimization system to find optimal timing and type of thinning treatments and optimal rotation lengths.It was found that three thinnings during the rotation period were optimal.When the amount or profitability of timber production is maximized,suitable rotation lengths are 65–70 years and wood production is 5.5–6.0 m~3 ha~(-1) a~(-1).The optimal thinning regime is thinning from above.In seed production,optimal rotation lengths are over 100 years.When carbon sequestration in living biomass is maximized,stands should not be clear-cut until trees start to die due to senescence.In the joint production of multiple benefits,the optimal rotation length is 86 years if all benefits(wood,economic profits,seed,carbon sequestration) are equally important.In this management schedule,mean annual wood production is 5.5 m~2 ha~(-1) and mean annual seed yield 141 kg ha~(-1).It was concluded that it is better to produce timber and seeds in the same stands rather than assign stands to either timber production or seed production.     

栓皮栎体胚的增殖、成熟和萌发

以栓皮栎实生苗叶片为外植体诱导体细胞胚胎发生,调查碳水化合物、渗透剂和植物生长调节剂对体胚增殖、成熟和萌发的影响,建立体胚增殖、成熟和萌发的培养基方案.叶片外植体在附加1.0 mg·L-1NAA和0.5mg·L-1BA的起始培养基上诱导形成前胚性团块.这些胚性团块在增殖培养基上培养6周,在附加1 mg·L-1BA、0.25 mg·L-1NAA和3%蔗糖的MS培养基上增殖效果最好.将单个体胚转接到成熟培养基上进行培养,蔗糖浓度对栓皮栎体胚成熟以及后续的萌发有显著影响.成熟培养基中附加5%的蔗糖,体胚成熟率和萌发率分别达到63.5%和33.8%.虽然在成熟培养基中附加ABA有利于体胚成熟,但对体胚的进一步萌发没有促进作用.为了提高萌发率,成熟体胚在附加植物生长调节剂的萌发培养基上进行培养,以及进行预冷处理.成熟体胚4℃冷处理没有促进胚根和上胚轴的发育萌发.在附加0.5 mg·L-1BA和0.25 mg·L-1 IBA的1/2 MS萌发培养基上,体胚萌发率达到65.9%,再生植株转化率达到9.4%.     

内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带节肢动物群落多样性特征

利用人工网捕等方法对内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带节肢动物群落的多样性进行调查.共记录节肢动物15目77科326种,分属于昆虫纲、蛛形纲和多足纲,其中蜘蛛目、双翅目、同翅目、膜翅目个体数量分别占总数的10%以上,为该地区的优势类群.由森林向草原过渡的过程中,节肢动物的个体数、物种数、物种多样性和均匀度随环境梯度变化而逐渐增多,至交错带森林-草甸区或草甸-草原区达到最大,到草原带降至最低.交错带具有最高的个体数、物种数和物种多样性,且显著高于两侧的森林带和草原带,表明大尺度森林草原交错带具有显著的边缘效应.不同植被地带问节肢动物群落的相似性均较低,表明不同植被地带间节肢动物的群落组成差异很大.森林带与森林-草甸区、草甸-草原区和草原带的相似性逐级减小,这说明随着环境梯度的变化,交错带、草原带节肢动物群落组成已与森林带发生明显分化,且分化越来越大.多元回归分析表明,森林斑块数、森林覆盖率是影响节肢动物物种多样性和均匀度的决定因素,森林斑块数、森林斑块平均面积、森林覆盖率是决定节肢动物个体数和物种数分布的重要因素.不同植被地带天敌个体数百分率为(0.363 1±0.041 6)%～(0.524 9±0.036 5)%,天敌物种在维护森林-草原交错带生态系统平衡中起着重要的作用.     

植物功能性状对环境的响应及其应用

综述植物功能性状对环境因子(降水、温度、光照、土壤肥力及大气成分)的响应、植物功能性状之间的关系及其对环境的响应,探讨植物功能性状在全球叶片经济型谱、生态系统结构与功能、干扰响应与恢复、模型模拟、植物功能型/群及系统发育与进化等研究中的应用.提出植物功能性状研究的方向及所面临的问题.