Effect of Heat Stress on the Photosynthetic Characteristics in Flag Leaves at the Grain‐Filling Stage of Different Heat‐Resistant Winter Wheat Varieties

Heat stress has become an increasingly important factor in limiting wheat yields. In northern China, high temperature (>30 °C) during the grain filling is one of the major constraints in increasing wheat productivity. We used two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars with different sensitivities to heat stress (Jimai 22 ‘JM22’, low sensitivity and Xinmai 26 ‘XM26’, high sensitivity) to study the various aspects of photosynthetic characteristics during the grain filling stage under heat stress. The results showed that photosynthesis rates (P_n) in flag leaves of XM26 decreased faster than in JM22 under heat stress during the grain‐filling stage. P_n decreased more rapidly under heat stress than without stress, by up to 69.9% and 59.3%, respectively, at 10 days following heat stress (10 DAS). This decline of P_n was not caused by heat‐induced stomatal limitation, but rather by a decline in Rubisco activity and a functional drop in photosystem II (PSII). After heat stress, the grain yield of JM22 decreased by 6.41%, but XM26 decreased by 11.43%, when compared with their respective controls. Heat stress also caused an alteration of mesophyll cell ultrastructure. Injury caused by heat stress to organelles in XM26 was more severe than JM22. Moreover, the JM22 cultivar showed some self‐repair capacity following heat stress injury. These results indicate that declines in photosynthetic performance caused by heat stress were cultivar‐dependent. Compared with XM26, the JM22 cultivar had superior heat stability in terms of PSII function and carboxylation activity, both of which are susceptible to heat stress.     

QTL mapping of sheath blight resistance in a deep-water rice cultivar

Sheath blight, caused by the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, is one of the most serious diseases of rice and leads to severe yield loss worldwide. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 121 lines was constructed from a cross between HH1B and RSB03, the latter of which is a deep-water rice variety. Five traits were used to evaluate sheath blight resistance, namely disease rating (DR), lesion length (LL), lesion height (LH), relative lesion length [RLL, the ratio of LL to plant height (PH)], and relative LH (RLH, the ratio of LH to PH). Using the RIL population and 123 molecular markers, we identified 28 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the five traits in two environments. These QTLs are located on nine chromosomes and most of them are environment specific. A major QTL for DR (qSBR1) on chromosome 1 was identified with contributions of 12.7% at Shanghai and 42.6% at Hainan, and it collocated with a QTL for PH. The allele at this locus from RSB03 enhances sheath blight resistance and increases PH. Another QTL for DR on chromosome 7 was adjacent to QTLs for heading date (HD) and four other disease traits. RSB03 also carries the resistant allele at this locus and shortens HD. The susceptible parent, HH1B, provides the resistance allele at the locus qSBR8, where QTLs for four other disease traits were identified. QTL mapping results showed that most QTLs for LL, LH, RLL, and RLH are collocated with QTLs for DR. Three QTLs for DR are independent from HD, PH, and four other disease traits, while four QTLs are closely related to HD and PH. Four QTLs for LL, LH, RLL, and RLH are independent from DR, HD, and PH, while there is only one region harboring QTLs for these four traits and HD. Correlation analysis and QTL mapping results indicated that LL, LH, RLL, and RLH might be important indices, like DR, for evaluating the level of resistance to rice sheath blight.     

有机肥对蔬菜无机氮利用率及氮去向的影响

为了明确蔬菜农田大量施用有机肥对无机氮肥利用率的影响,本研究采用微区15N示踪法,连续2季研究了增施有机肥对蔬菜无机氮肥利用率及其有机肥后效对土壤残留化学N肥（15N标记尿素）利用的影响。结果表明：单施化学氮肥（CF）和增施有机肥（CF+M）2个处理第1季蔬菜体内分别有25%~26%和14%~18%的N来自化学N肥,化学氮肥利用率（UEN）分别为25.61%和18.16%;有机肥后效也显著影响第2季蔬菜体内来自土壤残留15N标记尿素的百分数（NDF）和第2季蔬菜对第1季残留15N标记尿素的利用率;CF和CF+M 2季累积对第1季所施15N标记尿素的利用率分别为28.76%、19.60%。与CF比较,CF+M对每季收获后0~200 cm土壤剖面15N标记尿素的回收率影响不显著,但增施有机肥促进剖面硝态氮的累积与下移;CF+M也显著提高了每季收获后15N标记尿素的损失率,第2季收获后CF和CF+M的15N标记尿素损失率分别为53.7%、61.2%。     

枇杷叶总黄酮超高压提取及抗氧化活性

为研究超高压提取的枇杷叶总黄酮的抗氧化能力。选用L9(34) 正交实验对枇杷叶总黄酮的提取工艺条件进行优选,以总黄酮得率为指标,考察乙醇浓度、超高压压力、超高压提取时间、固液比(g：mL)对总黄酮得率的影响。并且测定了总黄酮对DPPH自由基的清除作用。结果表明：总黄酮提取最佳工艺条件为：乙醇浓度50%、超高压压力400Mpa、超高压提取时间4.5min、固液比1：18。该条件下总黄酮的得率可达0.693%,总黄酮浓度和对DPPH自由基的清除作用呈现线性相关。超高压提取的总黄酮具有较强的抗氧化能力,具有较高的应用价值。     

白三叶基因工程改良研究进展

白三叶（Trifolium repens L.）作为优良牧草和地被植物具有重要的应用价值。但其耐盐碱、干旱能力差等原因致使应用受到广泛限制,转基因技术的快速发展为白三叶种质创新提供了有效技术手段,为开展白三叶分子育种奠定了基础。本文就近30年来有关白三叶组织培养、转化方法、转基因遗传改良方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对其应用进行了展望。     

ISSR分子标记技术在桃品种鉴定中的应用

为了有效地鉴别桃苗木优良品种或类型,为桃种质资源研究和新品种保护提供理论基础,利用ISSR标记对28份桃种质进行了品种鉴定及亲缘关系检测。结果发现：23条ISSR引物共扩增出188条DNA片段,其中96条具有多态性,多态性频率为51.06%;材料间遗传相似系数GS变幅为0.84～0.97,平均为0.92。获得28份供试材料的指纹图谱,鉴定出9条特异出现DNA片段和11条特异缺失DNA片段。通过UPGMA聚类分析发现,供试材料中地理来源及部分农艺性状相近的品种或类型聚为小类,但大的聚类群没有明确的划分标识,可能与桃种质在地区间互换及所选择的ISSR标记有关。     

基于多项Logit模型的牧户生计资本对生计策略选择影响的实证研究

为探究牧户生计资本对生计策略影响,识别牧户生计策略转化的关键生计资本和生计资本指标,以便引导牧民调整生计结构,提高草原治理能力。以内蒙古自治区5种草原类型15个旗（县）848户牧户为样本,运用熵值法评估牧户生计资本,建立多项Logit回归模型,识别影响牧户生计策略转化的关键生计资本。研究区牧户生计资本值为1.428;4类生计策略牧户生计资本存量为纯牧性>牧兼性>兼牧性>非牧性,P< 0.01;5种草原类型牧户生计资本存量为草甸草原>典型草原>荒漠草原>沙地草原>草原化荒漠,P<0.01。牧户以牧业收入和政府转移收入为主,纯牧性生计策略为首选的策略;金融资本存量是影响生计策略转化的关键生计资本,对牧户由纯牧性向牧兼性、兼牧性和非牧性生计策略转化均具有显著负向影响。牧户家庭承包草地资源、使用草地资源和家庭总收入是影响生计策略转化的关键生计资本指标。     

Development of simple PCR-based markers linked to the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ms</Emphasis> locus,a restorer-of-fertility gene in onion (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium cepa</Emphasis> L.)

In order to implement reliable marker-assisted selection systems for the restorer-of-fertility locus (Ms) in onions (Allium cepa L.), simple PCR-based codominant markers linked to the Ms locus were developed. Based on the EST probe sequences of previously reported RFLP markers, full-length genomic sequences of the gene encoding putative oligopeptide transporter (OPT) was obtained by RACE. The first intron contained two 108 and 439-bp indel polymorphisms between the two Ms allele-linked OPT alleles. A simple PCR marker for OPT was developed by designing a primer pair on the flanking regions of the 108-bp indel which is created by two tandem repeats. The second simple PCR marker was developed from the EST probe encoding photosystem I subunit O (PsaO). Two 14 and 39-bp tandem repeats were identified from the 5′ upstream sequences of the PsaO-coding gene, which were isolated by genome walking. Three different compositions of these tandem repeats were identified from diverse onion germplasm. A primer set binding to the flanking sequence of these polymorphic repeats was used to amplify three different marker haplotypes. The OPT marker was tightly linked to the Ms locus at a distance of 1.5 cM, but the analysis of the linkage relationship showed little linkage disequilibrium between the marker and the Ms locus. Even so, these simple PCR markers are valuable tools for the marker-assisted selection of segregating individuals in onion F₁ hybrid breeding programs.     

金钱草提取液化学组分的GC—MS分析及在卷烟加香中的应用

应用挥发油蒸馏器萃取金钱草提取液,采用气相色谱—质谱分析技术(GC-MS)分析了金钱草提取液的成分和相对含量。对金钱草提取液在卷烟中进行了添加试验,发现添加于烟草薄片中可以改善其口感,起到生津止渴的作用,以达到除杂、减刺和增香的目的,从而提高和改善薄片的品质和使用价值。     

受雨害小麦籽粒物性与吹泡特性相关性分析

小麦经粒径分级和重力分选,吹泡特征值发生了变化。由于粒径较大的籽粒较易受到雨害,影响其品质,粒径分级后,其吹泡特征值变化显著,分级效果明显。再经重力分选后,从分选出口I~V试样的容重依次增大,并且随着容重增加,吹泡特征值出现不同趋势,分选效果有明显差异。籽粒容重与弹性(P)和配置比(P/L)呈显著正相关,与延伸性(L)和延伸能力(G)呈显著负相关性,而与烘焙强度(W)和弹性指数(Ie)的相关性不明显。采用密度的线性模型描述吹泡特性可达到很高的拟合精度。