玉米收获机拨禾导向装置技术参数的试验研究

针对玉米收获过程拨禾导向装置存在推倒植株而产生果穗漏摘严重的问题,从农机运用角度,分析了玉米收获的对行方式和拨指作用位置对植株推倒率的影响,结果表明,3行自走式玉米收获机采用中间对行结合提高拨指作用位置的收获方式,可以有效减少植株的推倒率,降低果穗的漏摘损失。对于摘辊间距为68?cm的收获机,在收获种植行距为55?cm的玉米时,采用中间对行收获可将边际行偏差由原来的26?cm降低到13?cm,进一步将拨指高度提高到40～45?cm时,可将植株推倒率降低到1%。     

施肥模式及栽插密度对四川丘区水稻生长及产量的影响

为探究施肥模式和栽插密度对四川丘区水稻产量及生长的影响,以‘蜀优217’和‘天优湘99’为材料,采用裂区设计,主区为施肥模式,裂区为栽插密度,探究不同处理对四川丘区水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明,侧深施肥能有效提升水稻产量,不同品种之间存在一定差异,侧深施肥模式下,‘蜀优217’适宜较高的栽插密度,而‘天优湘99’栽插密度过高,穗粒数及结实率大幅下降,成穗率及转运率降低。因此,侧深施肥技术应根据品种特性,确定适宜的栽插密度。     

结构—功能模型在林木竞争研究中的应用

林木结构-功能模型是指能明确表达由林木生理过程和环境因子调控的植物三维结构生长和变化的一类模型, 其既考虑了树木结构的发展, 又考虑了树木生理生态过程和环境之间的交互影响。文中探讨了林木竞争经验模型的研究应用, 认为其存在的不足是缺乏反映树木内部资源获取与分配的生理生态指标以及着枝个数、枝条长度等形态属性指标等; 以目前几种主要的结构-功能模型为例, 对其在林木竞争研究中的应用以及对竞争表达的改进方面进行了评述, 最后指出目前结构-功能模型在林木竞争研究中存在的问题及未来的应用前景。     

A novel genome of C and the first autotetraploid species in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Setaria</Emphasis> genus identified by genomic <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> hybridization

Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was used to investigate the genomic relationships among some newly collected species of genus Setaria. Previous work identified that S. viridis and S. adhaerens carry genomes A and B, respectively. GISH patterns obtained in this report clearly distinguished the genome of S. grisebachii from the known genomes A and B, and indicated its new genomic constitution which we suggest to name genome C of the Setaria genus. The two sets of chromosomes of tetraploid S. queenslandica hybridized well with the A genome of S. viridis indicating its autotetraploid nature. This is the first autotetraploid identified in the Setaria genus, which should be classified into the primary A genome gene pool rather than the tertiary gene pool as previously classified. GISH patterns did not distinguish the genome of S. leucopila from the A genome of S. viridis and S. italica, suggesting its close relation with foxtail millet. Strong hybridization signals were observed when S. adhaerens genomic DNA was used as probe to hybridize the chromosomes of diploid S. verticillata, inferring its B genome nature. Combined with morphological observation and previous work, we deduce that diploid S. verticillata and S. adhaerens are probably taxonomically the same species with different names. Y. Wang and H. Zhi contributed equally to this article.     

弃耕地植被恢复过程中土壤理化性质演变趋势研究

通过对安塞纸坊沟流域14块不同弃耕年限的草地土壤理化性质的研究表明:随着弃耕地植被的恢复,土壤容重降低、孔隙度增大、质地改善;土壤有机质含量、CEC、全氮含量、全钾含量、水解氮及速效钾含量逐步提高,土壤盐分含量、土壤pH值有逐步降低的趋势,说明随着植被的恢复,土壤理化性质在不断优化.另外植被生物量与土壤有机质、CEC、全钾、速效钾、全氮及水解氮均呈极显著正相关,与土壤pH值与土壤容重呈极显著负相关,说明土壤与植被具有互动效应.     

不同番茄品种的产量和品质分析

以不同配比的2种复合肥作基肥,测定5个番茄品种的产量和主要营养品质。结果表明:2种复合肥对番茄果实的总酸度、蛋白质含量、可溶性固形物含量以及小区产量影响差异不显著,对番茄果实的VC含量影响差异极显著;不同品种之间小区产量、总酸度、蛋白质含量差异不大,可溶性固形物和VC含量差异显著;番茄品种小叮当的品质整体较好,其VC含量最高。     

皖南稻区褐飞虱怀卵雌成虫数量和前期防控对褐飞虱种群动态的影响

通过褐飞虱怀卵雌成虫不同梯度数量下的田间药效试验,研究了安徽省黄山市徽州区单季中稻田二代褐飞虱怀卵雌成虫数量以及前期防控对后期褐飞虱种群动态的影响。试验结果表明:二代怀卵雌成虫数量(x)决定了后期褐飞虱种群大小(y);前期防控(防控:c=1;不防控:c=0)能够明显压低后期褐飞虱种群大小(y);并可建立广义线性回归模型:log(y)=0.943x-3.191c+0.703xc+7.200。根据该模型可以确定两个临界值:(1)x0.4头/百丛时,需要采取"压前控后"策略,即在二、三代低龄若虫高峰期各施药一次,才能有效控制褐飞虱发生危害;(2)x2.4头/百丛时,即使采取"压前控后"的策略,褐飞虱仍然会大发生。2006-2014年大田普查数据亦表明当x2.4头/百丛时,三代褐飞虱极易大发生。本研究明确了褐飞虱前期种群数量对后期发生程度的影响,并可依据前期怀卵雌成虫数量采取不同的防控策略,实现科学防控,减少用药。     

三类杀菌剂对牡丹腔孢叶斑病菌生长和发育的影响

腔孢叶斑病是牡丹生产上出现的一种新病害,近几年在洛阳及菏泽牡丹种植园危害越来越重。为了筛选防治该病的化学药剂,本文采用菌丝生长速率法测定了3类8种杀菌剂对病菌菌丝生长的抑制活性,采用涂布平板法测定了多菌灵、戊唑醇及嘧菌酯对病菌孢子萌发和芽管伸长的影响,并在含药平板上测定了3种药剂对病菌产孢量的作用。结果表明:三唑类药剂对病菌菌丝生长的毒力最强,EC50为0.020~0.096μg/mL,且戊唑醇对孢子萌发和产孢也有很强的抑制活性,在0.1μg/mL时孢子即不能萌发;甲氧基丙烯酸酯类药剂对菌丝生长的毒力较强,EC50为0.408~0.939μg/mL,嘧菌酯对芽管伸长和产孢量均表现出很强的抑制活性,10μg/mL时,芽管几乎不再伸长,对产孢的抑制率可达到99%以上;而苯并咪唑类药剂对菌丝生长的毒力较弱,EC50为12.167~30.104μg/mL,多菌灵对孢子萌发的抑制作用弱,100μg/mL时孢子萌发率仍达到90%以上,对产孢的抑制作用也较弱,为63.02%。根据药剂对病菌生长和发育各阶段的影响,生产中应采用适宜的施用方法:戊唑醇和嘧菌酯可作为保护剂在病害发生前期喷施,也可作为治疗剂在病害发生流行期应用,但为防止抗药性菌株的出现,两者应当轮换或复配使用。     

The Y123H substitution perturbs FvCYP51B function and confers prochloraz resistance in laboratory mutants of Fusarium verticillioides

Fusarium verticillioides reduces corn yield and contaminates infected kernels with the toxin fumonisin, which is harmful to humans and animals. Previous research has demonstrated that F. verticillioides can be controlled by the azole fungicide prochloraz. Currently, prochloraz is used as a foliar spray to control maize disease in China, which will increase the risk of resistance. Although F. verticillioides resistance to prochloraz has not been reported in the field, possible resistance risk and mechanisms resulting in prochloraz resistance were explored in the laboratory. Four prochloraz‐resistant strains of F. verticillioides were generated by successive selection on fungicide‐amended media. The mycelial growth rates of the mutants were inversely related to the level of resistance. All four mutants were cross‐resistant to the triazole fungicides triadimefon, tebuconazole and difenoconazole, but not to the multisite fungicide chlorothalonil or to the MAP/histidine‐kinase inhibitor fungicide fludioxonil. Based on the Y123H mutation in FvCYP51B, the four resistant mutants were subdivided into two genotypes: PCZ‐R1 mutants with wildtype FvCYP51B and PCZ‐R2 mutants with substitution Y123H in FvCYP51B. Wildtype FvCYP51B complemented the function of native ScCYP51 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae YUG37::erg11, whereas Y123H‐mutated FvCYP51B did not. For the PCZ‐R1 mutants, induced expression of FvCYP51A increased resistance to prochloraz. For the PCZ‐R2 mutants, disruption of FvCYP51B function by the Y123H substitution caused constitutive up‐regulation of FvCYP51A expression and thus resistance to prochloraz.     

黄土高原残塬沟壑区梯田土壤重金属分布特征

本文对黄土高原残塬沟壑区梯田土壤中的重金属分布特征进行了探讨,发现除铜处于污染临界值外,其它重金属如汞、砷、铬、镍、锌的土壤含量基本达到一级标准。随种植时间的增长土壤中重金属的含量也随着积累,在坡耕地中除汞和锌外,其它重金属在土壤中的含量随着坡度的增大而减少。在表层土壤中重金属汞、铜、锌、镍和砷的含量由大到小的次序为：果园＞麦田＞坡地,而铬在表层土壤中的含量大小次序为：麦田＞坡地＞果园。研究表明重金属在水平梯田中易累积,同时由于梯田果园长期大量使用农药、化肥,更容易累积有害元素,从而形成对土壤的污染,进而影响土壤质量。以后应加强对土壤质量的监测与防治,实现黄土高原地区果业、粮业的健康稳定发展。