基于TRIZ理论围框机铲边成型装置的创新设计

为解决现有围框机铲边成型工位成型纸框品质问题,利用发明问题解决理论(TRIZ)建立功能模型,因果链分析对成型纸框品质问题进行分析,找出其根本问题,通过运用TRIZ中的解题工具,得到解决方案模型,并进行方案评估。将评估后最优方案进行实验验证,小面纸空边问题得到解决,面纸包边合格率达到99%。基于TRIZ理论中的工具得到解决方案,并通过方案评估,得到最优方案,对围框机成型折边工位优化设计提供了理论参考依据,是解决实际问题的有效方法。     

不同寄主植物对美国白蛾肠道细菌群落的影响

为明确美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea在取食不同寄主植物后其肠道细菌群落的变化情况,采用高通量测序技术分析其肠道细菌16S rDNA的V3～V4区域,分析肠道细菌的多样性、物种组成和菌群结构差异,并对其生物学功能进行预测。结果显示,美国白蛾4龄幼虫在取食不同寄主植物后肠道细菌Shannon多样性指数出现明显差异,由高到低依次为取食寄主法国梧桐Platanus orientalis、柿Diospyros kaki、胡桃Juglans regia、杨树Populus×canadensis和杏Armeniaca vulgaris的群体。美国白蛾肠道优势菌门主要为变形菌门和厚壁菌门,而属分类水平上的物种在不同处理之间存在较大差异,在取食法国梧桐和柿树的美国白蛾肠道中Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia的相对丰度较高,分别为63.16%和34.50%;取食杏树和杨树的美国白蛾肠道优势菌属分别是肠球菌属Enterococcus和肠杆菌属Enterobacter,相对丰度分别为87.58%和37.93%。不同寄主也导致美国白蛾肠道细菌群的组成结...     

竹塑复合材料的冲击韧性

以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(MAPE)、竹浆纤维、竹造纸剩余物竹屑、白泥为试验原料,制造竹塑复合材料。采用基本断裂功(EWF)方法对竹屑/HDPE、白泥/竹屑/HDPE和竹浆纤维/竹屑/HDPE3种复合材料的冲击韧性进行了研究,比较了不同质量分数的竹屑、白泥、竹浆纤维对复合材料各性能参数的影响。结果表明:复合材料的比基本断裂功(we)随着竹屑和白泥的增加逐渐下降,随着竹浆纤维的增加显著提高;竹屑和竹浆纤维的质量分数对竹塑复合材料的比非基本断裂功(βwp)影响较小。     

土壤微生物产电信号评价芘污染毒性的研究

通过向土壤中加入葡萄糖促进微生物产电过程,研究了芘污染条件下土壤产电变化规律。利用双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cells,MFCs),实时、连续记录芘污染土壤产电电压。产电110 h后结束MFCs运行,采用循环伏安法检测芘对土壤微生物电化学活性的影响;结合PCR-DGGE及测序技术,分析芘对MFCs阳极表面细菌群落结构的影响。结果显示,MFCs产电电量随芘浓度增加显著降低。循环伏安检测显示芘降低了土壤微生物的电化学活性。DNA序列分析表明,阳极细菌与已报道的产电细菌高度相似,包括Sporolactobacillus、Clostridium、Enterobacter、Bacillus及Ethanoligenens。芘降低了Bacillus丰度。     

树干液流及其主要影响因子对摘芽强度的响应

为了探讨摘芽强度对树木液流变化特征及其主要环境调控因子的影响,为人工林及果园等高效抚育管理提供参考,该研究以毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)为研究对象,设置4种摘芽处理(不摘芽CK、轻度摘芽BP1.0、中度摘芽BP1.5、重度摘芽BP2.0),采用热扩散式液流检测技术,结合自动气象站,对造林后第2～3个生长季不同摘芽处理后的树干液流、环境因子等进行连续观测。结果表明:1)摘芽对树干液流速率日变化趋势无影响,晴天都呈"单峰型";2)摘芽对树干液流特征值影响显著,试验期间CK、BP_(1.0)、BP_(1.5)、BP_(2.0)处理的液流速率平均值分别为1.405×10~(-3)、1.503×10~(-3)、1.462×10~(-3)、1.033×10~(-3)cm/s,BP_(2.0)显著小于其他处理,CK、BP_(1.0)、BP_(1.5)之间无显著差异(P0.05);3)影响不同时段、不同处理树干液流的主要环境因子不同,瞬时值日进程的影响因素为太阳辐射和饱和水汽压亏缺,白天及全天日均值的主要影响因子为太阳辐射和日空气温度最大值,夜间液流日均值的影响因子主要为日空气温度最小值和日平均相对湿度;4)不同摘芽强度下毛白杨幼林夜间液流占全天液流的5%～70%,夜间液流与白天及全天液流间呈显著负相关。因此,从促进植物水分生理活动的角度看,轻度和中度摘芽更合适。     

Changes in the chemical composition of the organic carbon in Spartina alterniflora litter during decomposition in saltmarsh sediments

Purpose

In this study, 1-year decomposition experiments were conducted to measure the litter carbon decomposition dynamics in saltmarsh and to determine the changes in the chemical structure of litter carbon during the litter decomposition process.

Methods

Litterbags containing a mixture of Spartina alterniflora litter and burned sediment were buried at four S. alterniflora saltmarshes and one S. alterniflora–Suaeda salsa co-existing saltmarsh. The contents of total organic carbon (TOC) and recalcitrant carbon (RC) were determined by a Sercon Integra CN isotope ratio mass spectrometer, while the content of labile carbon (LC) was estimated by calculation. ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was conducted to characterise the chemical structures of the organic carbon compounds in the S. alterniflora litter during decomposition. Solid-state ¹³C–CPMAS-NMR spectra were obtained using an AVANCE III 400 MHz (Bruker) spectrometer.

Results

The results indicated that more RC than LC remained in the litterbag during decomposition. The organic carbon content of the S. alterniflora litter was largely composed of alcoxyl-C compounds (78.9%), the decomposition products of which dominated the litter organic carbon fractions, including the TOC, RC, and LC. In contrast, alkyl-C, aromatic-C, and carboxyl-C products contributed mostly to RC. Differences in the negative correlations between the litter carbon fractions and alkyl-C, aromatic-C, and carboxyl-C were found among the developing saltmarshes. Humus generated by the S. alterniflora litter was mainly composed of macromolecular organic compounds containing functional groups such as methyl, methylene, methine, methoxyl, aromatic rings, phenolic hydroxyl, and carboxyl.

Conclusions

During decomposition, the organic carbon in the S. alterniflora litter was found to be dominated by O-alkyl-C, followed by aromatic-C, alkyl-C, and carboxyl-C. O-alkyl-C plays a major role in the LC proportion of organic carbon, while aromatic-C, alkyl-C, and carboxyl-C contribute more to the RC proportion. Alkyl-C was found to be more easily decomposed than aromatic-C in the S. alterniflora litter. During litter decomposition, the molecular structure complexity, humification degree, and decomposition degree of organic carbon exhibited seasonal variations. In the 3-year saltmarsh, more decomposition of the organic carbon in the S. alterniflora litter was observed as compared to other sites.

     

DNRA was limited by sulfide and nrfA abundance in sediments of Xiamen Bay where heterotrophic sulfide-producing genus (Pelobacter) prevailed among DNRA bacteria

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Dissimilatory nitrate (NO3?) reduction to ammonium (DNRA) is a significant nitrogen (N) transformation process in estuarine ecosystem. The objectives...     

基于时间温度积分器将手工烹饪转变为自动烹饪的方法

烹饪自动化是烹饪研究的主要目的,而当前没有建立在科学基础上的编写自动烹饪程序的方法。通过对已建立的烹饪传热学和动力学数学模型进行全面参数分析,发现手工烹饪中唯一的无法直接参数化为自动烹饪参数的是搅拌。基于此,建立了将手工烹饪转变为自动烹饪的的方法,即将手工烹饪操作参数化,预设并调整搅拌参数,测定2种烹饪的受热程度指标,直到2种烹饪得到菜品的品质达到一致。而时间温度积分器(time-temperature integrators,TTIs)技术,是测定烹饪的受热程度的严谨、客观和可靠的手段。同时从理论上说明了自动烹饪完全可能烹饪出和手工烹饪品质相同的菜品。     

基于图像处理的胡萝卜青头须根与开裂的检测方法

为了实现基于计算机视觉的胡萝卜外观品质自动分级系统,基于图像处理的方法,参照国家标准(SB/T10450-2007),该文提出影响胡萝卜外观等级的须根、青头、开裂等关键参数的提取算法.须根检测算法通过提取骨架检测端点数来实现,青头检测算法通过R分量上二值化得到,开裂检测算法使用S分量结合区域标记的方法完成,在此基础上构建了须根数、青头比和开裂度3个量化标准,对试验随机采集的520个胡萝卜图像的青头、须根和开裂进行检测,正确率分别达到了97.5%,81.8%,92.3%,总体识别率91.3%.该文所构建的胡萝卜关键特征检测方法,对研究机器视觉的胡萝卜外观品质自动检测装置与分级生产线具有积极意义.