Cartilage proteoglycans from normal and osteochondrotic porcine joints.

Modern pigs grow fast but are highly susceptible to degenerative joint abnormalities, including osteochondrosis. Normal and osteochondrotic humeri and femurs were obtained from five normal and ten lame adolescent boars to study cartilage proteoglycans. Histological examination of joints indicated a locally-reduced intensity of proteoglycan staining by safranin-O in lesion areas of cartilage. Cartilage proteoglycans extracted with 4.0 M guanidinium chloride were studied using Sepharose 2B gel chromatography. The proteoglycans from severely osteochondrotic joints were less (P less than 0.05) aggregated and contained a greater (P less than 0.05) proportion of smaller monomers than those from normal joints. Loss or damage of core protein, including its hyaluronic acid-binding regions, may account for the greater proportion of small monomers. The results also indicated that the proportion of hyaluronic acid in the total glycosaminoglycan uronic acid fraction, estimated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and cellulose acetate electrophoresis, was lower (P less than 0.05) for the extracted proteoglycans than for the residual or the whole cartilage proteoglycans in all joints studied.     

Diaphragmatic rupture and biliary tract damage in a dog

A 9-month-old bitch was presented with respiratory distress 7 days after a road traffic accident. Radiographs showed a severe hydrothorax and moderate ascites. The removal of bile-stained fluid by thoracentesis reduced the dyspnoea. A diaphragmatic and a hepatic duct rupture were found and repaired at laparotomy. A biliary peritonitis and pleuritis was present. A blood bilirubin of 67 μmol/1 and elevated serum enzymes were present prior to surgery. These changes were largely reversed once the leakage was stopped.     

Changes in liveweight and behaviour of alpaca dams and offspring following weaning

The effects of offspring sex, weight, age, and level of interaction with the dam on responses to weaning were examined to assist in the development of a weaning protocol for alpacas. In the first study, preand post-weaning activities, and weight change over Days -12-0,0-7 and 7-16 with respect to weaning, were recorded for 20 dam-offspring (hembra-cria) pairs aged 81-200 days. Pre-weaning changes in dam and offspring weights were positively related (P<0.05). Although heavier crias tended to be found closer to their dams than lighter crias (P<0.05) no additional effect of age on the dam-offspring relationship was found. Following weaning, cria growth rates were low over Days 0-7 but improved over Days 7-16, and hembra weight change followed the same pattern. Over Days 0-2, grazing and sitting activities of hembras and crias were replaced by standing and walking along paddock fencelines, although by Day 2 fenceline activities had decreased (P<0.05). Crias which were more frequently observed at fencelines had lower post-weaning growth rates (P<0.05). In the second study, pre-weaning sucking behaviour, and weight change over Days -30-0, 0-8 and 8-16 with respect to weaning, were recorded for 19 hembra-cria pairs aged 124-160 days. During 10 hours of observation on Days -5 and -4, the total duration of sucking by individual crias varied from 0-18 minutes, and the mean +/- SEM duration of sucking was 1.94 +/- 0.113 minutes. Cria sucking behaviour was positively related to growth rate prior to and weight at weaning (P<0.05). As in the first study, pre-weaning changes in dam and offspring weights were positively related (P<0.05). Following weaning, growth rates of the crias were depressed and the hembras lost weight over Days 0-8 and 8-16. The changes in growth rate and behaviour in Studies 1 and 2 indicated that weaning can be stressful for hembras and crias. However, there was no evidence from either study that pre-weaning behavioural or physical characteristics were related to the changes.     

Surgical technique to cannulate the rete testis of the goat

A surgical technique was devised to collect rete testis fluid from 14 mature goats. The tubular portion of the extratesticular rete testis was cannulated where it penetrated the tunica albuginea of the testis under the center of the head of the epididymis. The tip of the cannula was sutured in place in the extratesticular rete testis and the opposite end was passed through the scrotum and into a plastic collection bottle. The bottle was glued to pillow ticking, which was sutured to the scrotum. Continuous flow of rete testis fluid occurred for 0 to 14 days and was usually terminated by a sperm clot in the cannula. The flow rate was 0.59 +/- 0.37 ml/hr.     

Influence of winter feed restriction and summer compensation on skeletal development in red deer stags (Cervus elaphus)

The influence of two planes of nutrition (unrestricted and 70 per cent restricted during the winter) on skeletal development as illustrated by the metacarpus was studied in 12 red deer stag calves. At approximately three-monthly intervals from January 1978 when the stags were seven months old, until August 1979 when the stags were 26 months old, radiographs of the right metacarpus were taken. From the resultant radiographs, diaphyseal length, diaphyseal breadth, breadth of mineralised bone, cortical bone index and area of mineralised bone were measured. Growth in length was complete by August 1978. There were no differences in length between the unrestricted and restricted stags at that time. Differences in breadth, area and cortical bone index were maintained throughout the study although differences in area of mineralised bone were the only measure significantly different throughout the study. It is considered that the major influence of plane of nutrition on this index of skeletal development in deer is on breadth and thickness of cortical bone, resulting in a weaker bone of the same length in the winter restricted stags.     

Cross‐breeding performance of white leghorn and Australorp lines selected under continuous light for short interval between eggs: Full‐year egg production and efficiency of food utilisation

1. White Leghorn (LS) and Australorp (AS) lines selected for short oviposition interval and their control lines (LC and AC), together with three strains of Australian commercial layers, were evaluated for crossbreeding performance.

2. The estimates of selection effect on crossbreeding performance in lines LS and AS respectively were 3·5% and 15·2% for survivors’ egg number, ‐3·3% and ‐2·0% for average egg weight, and 4·3% and 7·4% for efficiency of food utilisation.

3. Compared to the commercial strains, the LS × AS cross was 13 to 15% higher for egg number, 7 to 10% lower for egg weight and 2 to 7% better for efficiency of food utilisation.

4. The LC × AC cross laid more but smaller eggs than the commerical strains. This raised the question of how effective conventional selection in the commercial nucleus flocks had been in improving egg number in the previous 10 years, a period when the control lines had been bred without deliberate selection.

     

Density of steam-flaked sorghum grain, roughage level, and feeding regimen for feedlot steers.

Two hundred fifty-two steers (366 kg) were assigned to a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of three densities of steam-flaked sorghum grain (bulk [flake] density of 437, 360, and 283 g/liter, B34, B28, and B22, respectively), two roughage levels (9 [R9] and 18% [R18]) and two feeding strategies (ad libitum [AD] or multiple of maintenance [MM], 2.3, 2.5, and 2.7 MM for wk 1, 2, and 3, and 2.9 MM thereafter). Steers fed R18-AD gained faster than steers fed R18-MM (1.59 vs 1.52 kg/d, P = .10); for R9 diets, no difference (P greater than .25) was found between steers fed AD and MM (interaction, P = .07). Flake density did not affect ADG (1.53 kg, P greater than .2). Dry matter intake decreased (9.8, 9.3, and 9.0 kg/d, linear, P less than .001) and gain efficiency (G/DMI, kg of gain/100 kg of DMI) increased (15.7, 16.5, and 16.9, linear, P less than .001; quadratic, P = .19) as processing degree increased (B34 to B22). Percentage of choice carcasses for B34 (67.0%) was higher (linear, P = .05) than for B28 (51.9%) and B22 (52.3%). Fecal starch and pH were 10.8, 5.7, and 4.0%, and 6.11, 6.23, and 6.37 for B34, B28, and B22, respectively (linear, P less than .001). The correlation between fecal starch and pH was -.51 (P less than .001, n = 252). Enzymatic glucose release, in vitro 6-h gas production, microbial protein synthesis, and protein degradability were 375, 483, and 559 mg/g; 24.7, 28.2, and 31.1 ml/.2 g; 6.15, 6.88, and 7.84 g/100g; and 61.4, 56.6, and 42.2% for B34, B28, and B22, respectively (linear, P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)