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171.
Perception of Teaching and Assessing Technical Proficiency in American College of Veterinary Surgeons Small Animal Surgery Residency Programs 下载免费PDF全文
172.
173.
The effect of plant breeding on yield and their physiological determinants has been widely studied in wheat. However, it is
poorly understood how, and to what extent, yield stability has been modified. To attempt a direct analysis of changes in absolute
and relative yield stability, data of yield of cultivars released in different eras in different environments were obtained
from records from our lab and from the literature. Depending on the availability of data, effects of plant breeding on yield
stability of cultivars released in Argentina, Australia, Italy and the United Kingdom were evaluated using a quantitative
approach. In this paper it was assumed that the slope of yield vs. environmental index estimates the instability of the cultivars.
In addition, a more qualitative approach for Mexico, and the former USSR complemented this analysis. There was a clear decrease
in yield stability assessed in absolute terms as a consequence of wheat breeding. In Argentina, Australia, Italy and the UK
this decrease was related to the magnitude of yield increases. However, the decrease in yield stability in Argentina and Australia
was less than for Italy and the UK, particularly so during the last 30 years. Modern cultivars released in Argentina and Australia
showed a trend to maintain yield stability as a percentage of their yield similar to that of their predecessors, while the
two European countries analysed tended to a slight decrease in yield stability even in relative terms. The complementary,
less quantitative evaluation of Mexico and the former USSR appeared to confirm the quantitative trends described for the other
countries, i.e. a general decrease in yield stability (assessed in absolute terms) with genetic gains in yield potential.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
174.
White fat progenitor cells reside in the adipose vasculature 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tang W Zeve D Suh JM Bosnakovski D Kyba M Hammer RE Tallquist MD Graff JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5901):583-586
White adipose (fat) tissues regulate metabolism, reproduction, and life span. Adipocytes form throughout life, with the most marked expansion of the lineage occurring during the postnatal period. Adipocytes develop in coordination with the vasculature, but the identity and location of white adipocyte progenitor cells in vivo are unknown. We used genetically marked mice to isolate proliferating and renewing adipogenic progenitors. We found that most adipocytes descend from a pool of these proliferating progenitors that are already committed, either prenatally or early in postnatal life. These progenitors reside in the mural cell compartment of the adipose vasculature, but not in the vasculature of other tissues. Thus, the adipose vasculature appears to function as a progenitor niche and may provide signals for adipocyte development. 相似文献
175.
Nik G. Wiman Daniel T. Dalton Gianfranco Anfora Antonio Biondi Joanna C. Chiu Kent M. Daane Beverly Gerdeman Angela Gottardello Kelly A. Hamby Rufus Isaacs Alberto Grassi Claudio Ioriatti Jana C. Lee Betsey Miller M. Valerio Rossi Stacconi Peter W. Shearer Lynell Tanigoshi Xingeng Wang Vaughn M. Walton 《Journal of pest science》2016,89(3):653-665
176.
The importance of dietary HUFA for meagre larvae (Argyrosomus regius; Asso, 1801) and its relation with antioxidant vitamins E and C 下载免费PDF全文
Najlae El Kertaoui Carmen María Hernández‐Cruz Daniel Montero María José Caballero Reda Saleh Juan Manuel Afonso Marisol Izquierdo 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(2):419-433
Despite the interest of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) as a fast‐growing candidate for Mediterranean aquaculture diversification, there is a lack of information on nutrition along larval development. Importance of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and the antioxidant vitamins E and vitamin C has not been investigated yet in this species. Six diets with two levels of HUFA (0.4% and 3% dw), two of vitamin E (1500 and 3000 mg kg?1) and two of vitamin C (1800 and 3600 mg kg?1) were fed to 15 dah meagre larvae. Larval growth in total length and dry body weight was significantly lowest in larvae fed diet 0.4/150/180 and showed few lipid droplets in enterocytes and hepatocytes and lower HUFA contents than the initial larvae. Increase in dietary HUFA up to 3%, significantly improved larval growth and lipid absorption and deposition. Besides, among fish fed 3% HUFA, increase in vitamin E and vitamin C significantly improved body weight, as well as total lipid, 22:6n‐3 and n‐3 fatty acids contents in the larvae. Thus, the results showed that 0.4% dietary HUFA is not enough to cover the essential fatty acid requirements of larval meagre and a high HUFA requirement in weaning diets is foreseen for this species. Besides, the results also pointed out the importance of dietary vitamin E and C to protect these essential fatty acids from oxidation, increase their contents in the larvae and promote growth, suggesting high vitamin E and C requirements in meagre larvae (higher than 1500 and 1800 mg kg?1 for vitamin E and vitamin C respectively). 相似文献
177.
Paul E. Drevnick Avery L. C. Shinneman Carl H. Lamborg Daniel R. Engstrom Michael H. Bothner James T. Oris 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,210(1-4):399-407
We report estimates of mercury (Hg) flux to the sediments of Lake Tahoe, California–Nevada: 2 and 15–20 µg/m2/year in preindustrial and modern sediments, respectively. These values result in a modern to preindustrial flux ratio of 7.5–10, which is similar to flux ratios recently reported for other alpine lakes in California, and greater than the value of 3 typically seen worldwide. We offer plausible hypotheses to explain the high flux ratios, including (1) proportionally less photoreduction and evasion of Hg with the onset of cultural eutrophication and (2) a combination of enhanced regional oxidation of gaseous elemental Hg and transport of the resulting reactive gaseous Hg to the surface with nightly downslope flows of air. If either of these mechanisms is correct, it could lead to local/regional solutions to lessen the impact of globally increasing anthropogenic emissions of Hg on Lake Tahoe and other alpine ecosystems. 相似文献
178.
Performance of a photo‐heterotrophic,hypersaline system for intensive cultivation of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) with minimal water replacement in lined ponds using a stochastic approach 下载免费PDF全文
Luis Daniel Moreno‐Figueroa José Naranjo‐Páramo Alfredo Hernández‐Llamas Mayra Vargas‐Mendieta José Andrés Hernández‐Gurrola Humberto Villarreal‐Colmenares 《Aquaculture Research》2018,49(1):57-67
The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in an intensive photo‐heterotrophic hypersaline system with minimal seawater replacement, and establish relationships between parameters of a stochastic production model and relevant water quality variables. Six experimental 1000 m2 lined ponds were stocked at a density of 120 shrimp m?2 for a 105‐day trial. Salinity increased from 37 to 45 ± 2 g/L, and the water level was maintained with the weekly addition of filtered seawater, equivalent to 1.6% per day. The stochastic model predicted that, at harvest, there is 95% confidence that the system produces between 12.1 and 14.7 t/ha with a mean final individual weight of 13.1 g and a mean survival of 84.2%. Sensitivity analyses showed that dissolved oxygen and individual final weight of shrimp were the main variables influencing yield variance. Nitrogenous compounds were maintained between optimal cultivation levels (NH3–NH4+ = 0.73 ± 0.43 mg/L, N–NO2? = 0.09 ± 0.05 mg/L, N–NO3? = 3.22 ± 0.11 mg/L). Heterotrophic bacteria (6.6 ± 3.4 × 105 CFU/ml) and chlorophyll‐α concentration (108.5 ± 80.2 μg/L) showed a similar development pattern, indicating a strong relationship between bacteria and microalgae during cultivation. Vibrio spp. concentrations were low (1.24 ± 1.42 × 103 CFU/ml). It was shown that the photo‐heterotrophic system could be used in hypersaline conditions, typical of semi‐arid regions, to consistently produce between 12.1 and 14.7 t/ha in 15 weeks. 相似文献
179.
Chen Hu Daniel P. Harrison Michael G. Hinton Zachary C. Siegrist Dale A. Kiefer 《Fisheries Oceanography》2018,27(5):417-434
We have extracted information on the habitats of bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean by matching the spatial‐temporal distribution of catch and effort of purse seine and longline fleets collected by the Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission with oceanographic conditions and subjecting the matched data to Quotient Analysis and General Additive Models (GAMs). These analyses yielded the following results. The habitats defined by the GAM analysis of young fish differ significantly between two periods, one before and one after the introduction of fish aggregation devices (FADs). This was not true for the older fish caught by longline. We speculate that these changes were caused by the extensive use of FADs. Younger bigeye and yellowfin caught by the purse seine fleet have a different preference of environmental variables compared to older fish caught by longline. This is to be expected since tuna of different age groups have different sizes, metabolic capabilities and swimming skills. Moreover, as revealed by GAMs, the habitats of young fish differ between species to a much larger degree than those of older fish. Our results indicate the fundamental differences between fishing methods, targeted species, and operating region of the two fisheries. Specifically, young bigeye occupy equatorial waters farther from the coast and where the hypoxic layer is deeper, young skipjack occupy more productive waters associated with equatorial and coastal upwelling, and young yellowfin occupy broad areas where waters are underlain by a shallow hypoxic layer. 相似文献
180.
X. Carolina Lizana Susan Hess Daniel F. Calderini 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2009,149(11):1964
Ozone layer depletion increases the level of ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface affecting both natural and agricultural ecosystems, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. Considering the harmful effects UV-B radiation has on plant growth the future productivity of wheat crops in Southern Chile could be challenged by both (i) the forthcoming level of UV-B increase and (ii) the sensitivity of this crop to higher UV-B radiation. In this study the effect of increased UV-B radiation at different phenophases on a spring wheat cultivar (Pandora) was investigated in two experiments at plant and crop levels under out-door conditions. The experiments consisted of controls, increased UV-B radiation at specific phenophases (from 3 leaf stage to booting 3L-Bo, and from booting to maturity Bo-PM), and increased UV-B radiation for the majority of the crop cycle (from 3 leaf stage to maturity). UV-B radiation was increased by Q panel UV-313 lamps set in plastic framed structures. Control plants were grown either without frames or below the same framed structures as those which received increased UV-B treatments. Phenology, above-ground biomass, grain yield, components, grain protein concentration, leaf area index (LAI), Fv/Fm and pigments were measured at booting and/or at harvest. Above-ground biomass and yield decreased by 11–19 and 12–20%, respectively, when UV-B radiation was increased at the 3L-Bo phase, while no effect was observed when irradiation was applied later in the crop cycle (Bo-PM). No additional UV-B effects to those observed at booting were detected in plants irradiated during the majority of the entire crop cycle (3L-PM). Biomass variation was strongly associated (r = 0.99; P < 0.01) with UV-B/PAR ratio in the sensitive treatments to UV-B increases (3 L-Bo) of both experiments. Flour protein was not affected by UV-B increases at any phenophase evaluated in this study. In both experiments, leaf green area and weight were negatively affected by increased UV-B radiation and no effect on specific leaf area (SLA) was found. Lower Fv/Fm, chlorophyll, carotenoid concentration and carotenoid:chlorophyll ratio were found at crop level (experiment 2) under higher UV-B in the 3L-Bo and 3L-PM treatments. The flavonoid concentration responded differently in the two experiments, probably due to the optimum responses these pigments had to expose UV-B doses. 相似文献