苜蓿产业技术国际专利态势分析

本研究围绕苜蓿种植、加工、利用等产业链上的相关技术进行国际专利态势分析,研判苜蓿产业技术的研发态势,为促进我国饲草料研发提供参考。研究采用文献计量方法,重点针对主要技术研发领域、研发热点及重要国家、机构的研发产出和布局开展深入分析。分析表明,从20世纪90年代中期开始,苜蓿产业技术专利产出快速增加;其中,育种技术的专利申请数量及核心专利数量最多,转基因相关技术是热点研发主题;美国和中国专利数量领先,美国主要布局在育种、病虫草害防控和收获加工工艺与设备领域,中国主要布局在饲料与饲养、肥料和栽培农艺领域;重要专利申请机构主要来自美国、德国和中国。大型农业跨国公司是最主要的专利申请主体。育种、病虫草害防控和收获加工工艺与设备等领域的专利基本由大型跨国公司把控,绝大多数核心专利也基本来自大型跨国公司。研究表明,我国苜蓿领域专利研发发展迅速,但专利技术水平和专利研发布局仍有提高优化空间,应大力推动核心技术领域的研发。     

盐胁迫对5份无芒雀麦苗期生长和生理生化的影响及综合性评价

为了明确不同无芒雀麦苗期耐盐能力的强弱,本研究选择5份不同株型的无芒雀麦作为供试材料。根据新疆土壤盐碱成分设置中性盐(M盐)：NaCl∶Na₂SO₄∶Na₂CO₃=1∶4∶0和碱性盐(A盐)：NaCl∶Na₂SO₄∶Na₂CO₃=1∶1∶8两种处理,于三叶期每盆一次性浇灌2 L电导率(EC)为20 ms·cm^-1的盐处理液,CK浇灌等量自来水。处理30 d后测定生长指标、叶绿素荧光特性参数、丙二醛(MDA)和渗透调节物质含量,并通过相关性分析、主成分分析、隶属函数分析对13个指标进行分析评价。结果表明：除F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o外,盐胁迫显著影响其余11个指标,且5份材料间差异显著(P<0.05);5份无芒雀麦的株高、茎粗、分蘖数、地上生物量、根冠比、MDA和脯氨酸含量在不同盐胁迫下表现出不同的适应变...     

Green tea polyphenols supplementation alters immunometabolism and oxidative stress in dairy cows with hyperketonemia

Peripartal cows often experience negative energy balance, and are therefore prone to suffering from metabolic diseases such as hyperketonemia, which causes financial losses in dairy farms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea polyphenol (GTP) supplementation during the periparturient period on production performance, oxidative stress and immunometabolism in dairy cows with hyperketonemia. One hundred Holstein cows were assigned to GTP (0.2 g/kg DM; n = 50) or control (without GTP; n = 50) group based on body weight, previous milk yield, and parity on d 15 before expected parturition. Subsequently, 10 cows with hyperketonemia were selected from each group, according to blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentration between 1.2 and 2.9 mmol/L from 2 to 3 d postpartum. All cows were fed a close-up diet and a lactation diet with or without GTP supply from 15 d prepartum until 30 d postpartum. Milk and blood samples were obtained from 20 cows selected with hyperketonemia on 10, 20, and 30 d postpartum. Compared with control cows, greater milk yield and lower somatic cell count were observed in GTP cows. The GTP group had lower concentrations of BHBA, free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglyceride, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide, greater concentrations of glucose, lower activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamyl transpeptidase, alongside greater activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity. Additionally, GTP supplementation up-regulated concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, but down-regulated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-8, and interferon-γ in plasma. Greater concentrations of plasma immunoglobulin G were also detected in the GTP group. Overall, the data suggested that GTP supplementation from 15 d prepartum to 30 d postpartum improved the milk yield and health status in cows with hyperketonemia during early lactation.     

鸡lncRNA-MSTRG.15568.9及其预测靶基因的表达

试验旨在了解在鸡睾丸中高表达的1个长链非编码RNA （long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）及其预测靶基因的时空表达规律,研究二者在鸡弱精子症中的调控作用。根据弱精子症和正常北京油鸡公鸡睾丸转录组测序筛选到的1个高表达的lncRNA （MSTRG.15568.9）,采用顺式（cis）作用模式预测其潜在靶基因SPAG4（sperm-associated antigen 4）,进一步采用实时荧光定量PCR方法进行表达量分析。分别选择3只0、5、20、30、45、60周龄正常北京油鸡公鸡,检测MSTRG.15568.9与SPAG4基因在不同周龄公鸡睾丸中的表达量差异;选择30周龄3只正常公鸡,采集睾丸、肝脏和脾脏等8个部位组织样品,检测MSTRG.15568.9与SPAG4基因在不同组织间的表达规律;选择45周龄弱精子症公鸡和正常公鸡各3只,对比MSTRG.15568.9与SPAG4基因在睾丸的表达量差异。结果显示,MSTRG.15568.9与SPAG4存在明显的时空表达差异,且二者表达趋势基本一致。在不同周龄的鸡睾丸组织中,MSTRG.15568.9和SPAG4的表达趋势相近,MSTRG.15568.9在20周龄的表达量显著高于0、5、30、45、60周龄（P<0.05）,0和5周龄表达量显著低于20、30、45和60周龄（P<0.05）;SPAG4在45周龄表达量最高,其次是20周龄（P<0.05）。MSTRG.15568.9和SPAG4在睾丸和肝脏中的表达量均显著高于脾脏、肾脏等组织（P<0.05）;在正常睾丸组织中的表达量均显著高于弱精子症睾丸组织（P<0.05）。综上所述,MSTRG.15568.9与SPAG4基因具有较明显的组织表达特异性,且MSTRG.15568.9可能调控SPAG4基因的表达,参与精子发生与精子活力调控;但其具体作用机制需要进一步探索。本研究可为鉴定与鸡弱精子症调节机制相关的功能基因提供参考。     

赛里木拉丝酸奶中优势菌株发酵乳对血管紧张素转化酶的抑制作用

利用改进的紫外分光光度法,测定从新疆赛里木拉丝酸奶中分离出的瑞士乳杆菌mb2-1、嗜热链球菌mb5-1以及马克斯克鲁维酵母Y6单菌和混菌发酵脱脂乳对血管紧张素转化酶抑制率。结果表明:瑞士乳杆菌mb2-1、嗜热链球菌mb5-1单菌发酵对血管紧张素转化酶抑制率48h达到最高,分别为70.75%、47.17%;与马克斯克鲁维酵母Y6混合发酵48h,对血管紧张素转化酶抑制率分别为75.68%和44.85%。     

黄河源区“黑土滩”混播草地牧草植物量及营养动态初探

黄河源区的极度退化草地——"黑土滩",改建成人工草地是一种恢复退化草地的重要途径,同时可以收获大量饲草。对"黑土滩"混播草地(垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans+中华羊茅Festuca sinensis+碱茅Puc-cinellia distans+冷地早熟禾Poa crymophila+赖草Leymus secalinus)的生产力和营养价值动态进行了研究,分析了放牧对草地生产力的影响。结果表明,从生长高峰期8月到翌年4月,草地生产力自然损失量为144.3 g/m2,损失率为34.9%。这期间放牧利用导致牧草被采食187.2 g/m2。传统的放牧利用,使该类人工草地利用率为45.2%。冷季草地牧草营养价值全都下降,粗蛋白含量降低了69.86%,粗脂肪降低了65.85%。该"黑土滩"混播草地在夏季属碳氮营养型(CN),冬季属碳营养型(C)。因此建议,"黑土滩"混播草地在夏季生长高峰期适度进行人工割草,冬季进行适度放牧利用。     

水溶性苜蓿多糖对肉仔鸡T、B淋巴细胞体外增殖的影响

为探讨水溶性苜蓿多糖(WSAP)对体外培养的肉仔鸡淋巴细胞增殖的影响。本研究将不同浓度的WSAP分别加入到体外培养的用伴刀豆球蛋白A(ConA)刺激的肉仔鸡外周血、胸腺、脾脏淋巴细胞中和用细菌脂多糖(LPS)刺激的肉仔鸡外周血、脾脏、法氏囊淋巴细胞中,培养48h后用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法测定淋巴细胞增殖的变化。结果显示:(1)在本试验中,当WSAP在一定浓度范围(4～20μg·mL-1)内时,T、B淋巴细胞的OD值比对照组高,且随着多糖浓度的增加,数值先增高(1～20μg·mL-1)后降低(100～200μg·mL-1);(2)同浓度WSAP对肉仔鸡外周血及不同的免疫器官的刺激强度不同,相同日龄时,肉仔鸡外周血和脾脏T、B淋巴细胞的OD值分别小于胸腺和法氏囊的OD值;(3)WSAP对相同日龄的肉仔鸡外周血及不同的免疫器官的最佳刺激浓度不同,对外周血的最佳刺激浓度为20μg·mL-1,脾脏为8μg·mL-1,法氏囊和胸腺为15μg·mL-1。本试验中WSAP对肉仔鸡体外淋巴细胞增殖的刺激浓度在8、15、20μg·mL-1时效果较好,这些结果表明一定浓度的WSAP可以促进肉仔鸡淋巴细胞的增殖,且存在一定的量效、时效关系和组织特异性。     

对耕地保护的认识和思考

耕地保护的落实关系到我国的粮食安全,经济安全,生态安全。为了能够对耕地保护有一个更好的认识,文章从耕地保护的提出、目标、意义、主体、策略等方面来再次的认识耕地保护,耕地保护需要政府、农民以及其他非耕地使用者的共同参与,并提出了进一步建立和完善耕地保护的经济补偿机制,充分调动农民对保护耕地的积极性,明确耕地产权的耕地保护策略。     

鸡褪黑激素受体基因在开产前后不同组织中的表达差异

为了从分子水平上了解鸡褪黑激素受体（MTNR）基因在开产前后不同组织中的表达差异,以β-actin基因为内标基因,运用实时荧光定量PCR方法,比较了MTNR1A、MTNR1B和MTNR1C这3个受体基因在心脏、肝脏、输卵管、卵巢、脑和视交叉各组织及在鸡开产前后表达量的差异。结果表明,MTNR1A只在开产后各组织中的表达量存在差异,其中以卵巢组织表达量最高,心脏中表达量最低。MTNR1B和MTNR1C的表达量在开产前或开产后均表现出组织间的显著差异;在开产前后的各组织中,MTNR1B的表达量均以视交叉为最高,卵巢为最低;而MTNR1C的表达量在开产前以心脏中最高,开产后在视交叉中最高,在卵巢组织中的表达量开产前后均为最低。同一组织开产后与开产前比较,MTNR1C基因在心脏、输卵管和脑组织中的表达量呈显著下调趋势。因此,3个受体基因在鸡的不同组织和生理时期存在表达差异。     

Identification of polymorphisms and association analysis with meat quality traits in the porcine KIAA1717 and HUMMLC2B genes

Skeletal muscle genes are potential candidates for production and meat quality. Screening a subtracted cDNA library constructed with mRNA obtained from longissimus dorsi muscles of F1 hybrids Landrace × Yorkshire and their female parents Yorkshire, we isolated two partial sequences coding for the H3-K4-specific methyltransferase (KIAA1717) and skeletal muscle myosin regulatory light chain (HUMMLC2B) genes. Database search revealed KIAA1717 and HUMMLC2B encoded proteins with SET domain and EF-hand calcium binding motif, respectively. In the present work we identified their partial polymorphisms and two SNPs, one (C1354T) at the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of KIAA1717 and one (A345G) at the SINE (PRE-1) element of HUMMLC2B, both created/disrupted a restriction site for endonuclease Msp I. The selected pigs were genotyped at the KIAA1717 C1354T and HUMMLC2B A345G sites by means of a PCR-RFLP protocol. Significant associations were observed for the KIAA1717 C1354T polymorphic site with meat marbling (longissimus doris (p < 0.05), biceps femoris (p < 0.01)) and intramuscular fat (p < 0.01). HUMMLC2B A345G were significantly associated with meat pH (longissimus doris (p < 0.05), biceps femoris (p < 0.01)), drip loss (p < 0.01), water holding capacity (p < 0.01) and meat color value (longissimus doris (p < 0.01), biceps femoris (p < 0.05)). Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.