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81.
H Houe S ?stergaard T Thilsing-Hansen R J J?rgensen T Larsen J T S?rensen J F Agger J Y Blom 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2001,42(1):1-29
The present review analyses the documentation on incidence, diagnosis, risk factors and effects of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcaemia. It is hereby evaluated whether the existing documentation seems sufficient for further modelling in a decision support system for selection of a control strategy. Several studies have been carried out revealing an incidence of milk fever most often in the level of 5-10%. Few studies indicate that the incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia is several times higher than milk fever. The diagnosis based on clinical or laboratory methods or based on presence of risk factors is outlined. The clinical symptoms of milk fever are highly specific and the disease level may thus be determined from recording of treatments. Diagnosis of subclinical hypocalcaemia needs to include laboratory examinations or it may be determined by multiplying the incidence of milk fever by a certain factor. From the documentation on risk factors, it is very complex to predict the incidence from the exposure level of the risk factors. Due to uncertainty, sensitivity analyses over a wide range of values for each parameter are needed. The documentation of cow characteristics, nutrition, environment and management as risk factors are described. Among cow characteristics, parity or age, body condition and production level were found to be important. Risk factors associated with nutrition included most importantly dietary cation-anion difference and calcium level whereas the importance of general feeding related factors like type of feed stuff and feeding level were less clear. Environment and management included season, climate, housing, pasturing, exercise, length of dry period and prepartum milking. Several of the parameters on environment and management were confounded among each other and therefore firm conclusions on the importance were difficult. The documentation of the effect of milk fever includes the downer cows, reproductive disorders, occurrence of other diseases and the effect on milk production, body weight and culling. The reproductive disorders included most importantly dystocia, uterine prolapse, retained placenta, metritis and repeat breeding, and occurrence of other diseases included ketosis, displaced abomasum and mastitis. The documentation was substantial and often quantifiable within certain limits. Overall it is concluded that the present documentation on milk fever concerning incidence, diagnosis, risk factors and effects seems sufficient for a systematic inclusion in a decision support system. A model on milk fever should take into consideration the variation in biological data and individual herd characteristics. The inclusion of subclinical hypocalcaemia would be more uncertain and probably should await further documentation on possibilities of determining the herd level incidence and also the effect of this condition on production. 相似文献
82.
从黑龙江的黑河至云南的腾冲是我国人口地理线,这条线的北方是我国以畜牧业为主的地区,近年来由于超载过牧和气候干旱,该地区的草地“三化”面积不断扩大,造成生态环境恶化、单位畜产品产量下降,影响了广大牧民的增收;而人口地理线的南方饲料资源丰富,每年数以亿吨秸秆资源有待于充分利用,而且秋冬季节气温适宜,有利于牛羊育肥。为此,充分利用北方繁殖母畜基数大的优势和夏季水草充足的优势生产架子牛、羊,秋冬季节充分利用南方气候、饲料、秸秆和劳动力的优势进行架子牛、羊的短期育肥,生产符合国际市场需要的优质、绿色肉食品。通过“北繁南育”,可有效解决我国北方生态环境恶化、畜产品质量下降、农牧民增收难的状况,加速我国传统草原畜牧业向现代草原畜牧业迈进的步伐。 相似文献
83.
Infectious disease serologic survey in free-ranging Venezuelan anacondas (Eunectes murinus). 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P P Calle J Rivas M Mu?oz J Thorbjarnarson W Holmstrom W B Karesh 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2001,32(3):320-323
Reptiles can harbor pathogenic microorganisms asymptomatically and serve as potential reservoirs of infection for humans, domestic animals, and other reptiles. Infectious diseases are also problematic for free-ranging reptile populations and are an important consideration in reptile reintroduction and translocation projects. There have been limited serologic studies of free-ranging reptiles for evidence of exposure to potential pathogens. In the present study, serum or plasma samples from five male and five female free-ranging Venezuelan anacondas (Eunectes murinus) were screened for antibodies to eastern, western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses, vesicular stomatitis virus, ophidian paramyxovirus, 19 Leptospira interrogans serovars, and Cryptosporidium serpentes. Antibodies to these agents were not detected, or antibody titers were low and possibly nonspecific. These results for the limited number of anacondas surveyed suggest that they do not serve as significant reservoirs for these infectious agents at this location. 相似文献
84.
85.
论述了气缸套的失效机理,针对这一缺点,较全面地阐述了当前表面技术在气缸套上的应用现状,并提出了未来气缸套的发展方向。为同行提供了参考和启迪,也为拓宽热喷涂技术的应用指明了一个方向。 相似文献
86.
采取鱼种高密度放养等微流水或半流水、高产高效、无公害养殖草鱼技术模式,于2001年1月至2004年1月在顺昌县洋口镇道吴村和道平自然村实施,通过对典型示范户的抽查,取得甲均单产12891kg/hm^2、年均产值87755元/hm^2、年均毛利49413元/hm^2、投入产出比1:2.02、养殖面积亦从2.8hm^2增至5.7hm^2的成果。2004年1~6月平均每户已轮捕成鱼上市500多kg,平均实现销售收入5000元左右,效益有望进一步提高。 相似文献
87.
88.
89.
赵有恩 《干旱区资源与环境》1996,(2)
本文以土地详查、淤地坝普查成果为基本依据,结合典型调查,研究分析了河龙区间南片水土保持各项措施的保存率,认为在空间尺度上,分行政区给出的保存率较为真实的反映了社会环境、自然环境因素的相对作用程度及其主导关系,且有实际应用意义,据此文中进一步核实评述了该区水保措施的保存面积、措施结构及质量等。该区水保措施的状况在黄河中游干旱半干旱地区具有广泛的代表性,分析结果可作为水沙分析、水保规划、土地资源与环境评价等工作的重要参考依据。 相似文献
90.
苜蓿施用污泥效果的研究Ⅰ对苜蓿生长及元素含量的影响 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
将兰州市七里河污水处理厂生活污泥施用于人工种植的新疆大叶苜蓿草地,探讨了不同施用量对苜蓿生长及各元素含量的影响。研究结果表明,施用1.0-2.0kg/m^2污泥,苜蓿地上生物量显著增加,第一年增产23%-31%,第二年增产15%-31%。施用污泥苜蓿地上和地下部组织中N,P,Ca,Mg和Mn的含量总体呈增加趋势,Fe含量显著增加,而K和重金属元素Ni、Pb、As和Hg的含量与对照无显著差异,Zn和Cu的积累增多,但地上部组织中重金属元素均未超过植物中的平均含量,施用污泥未对新疆大叶苜蓿造成重金属污染。 相似文献