大豆连作土壤肥力变化与有害生物发生的关系

1995—2003年采用定点定期采样系统调查与室内测定相结合的方法,针对连作大豆土壤营养含量、病虫基数与植株体营养,生物学性状、病虫草发生及产量品质的关系进行了研究,并对各相关性状间的关系进行了系统的统计分析,建立了数学模型,对指导大豆的高产优质栽培具有重要的意义。     

辐射对冬小麦主要农艺性状遗传力的影响

旱作条件下,选用4个高肥小麦品种与4个抗旱小麦品种,采用4×4不完全双列杂交方法配制16个杂交组合。同时将4个旱地亲本进行M2.5辐射处理,同样采用4×4不完全双列杂交方法配制16个杂交组合。通过对辐射前后主要性状遗传力的分析,结果表明,和辐射前相比,辐射后,中优9507、洛优9906、洛优9909的单株粒重一般配合力效应值增加,其产量构成因素单株穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、单株生物产量的一般配合力效应值也增加。总小穗数、不孕小穗数、株高的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力均有所增加,但总小穗数的广义遗传力增加的幅度较大。单株生物产量、单株穗数、千粒重、单株粒重、穗长的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力均有所降低,但单株粒重的广义遗传力和穗长的狭义遗传力降低的幅度较大。穗粒数和单穗粒重的广义遗传力下降,狭义遗传力提高,但穗粒数的广义遗传力下降的幅度较大。     

Establishment of Chinese soybean Glycine max core collections with agronomic traits and SSR markers

It is very important to efficiently study and use genetic diversity resources in crop breeding and sustainable agriculture. In this study, different sampling methods and sample sizes were compared in order to optimize the strategies for building a rationally sized core collection of Chinese soybean (Glycine max). The diversity in the core collection captured more than 70% of that in the pre-core collection, no matter what sampling methods were used, at a sampling proportion of 1%. Core collections established with both simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker data and agronomic traits were more representative than those chosen on an independent basis. An optimal sampling method for a soybean core collection was determined, in which strategy ‘S’ (allocating accessions to clusters according to the proportion of square root of the original sample size within each ecotype) was used based on SSR and agronomic data. Curve estimation was used to estimate the allelic richness of the entire Chinese soybean germplasm and a minimum sample size for a core collection, on which a sampling proportion of about 2% was determined to be optimal for a core collection. Further analysis on the core collection with fourteen agronomic traits and allelic constitution at 60 SSR loci suggested that it highly represented the entire collections both on genetic structure and diversity distribution. This core collection would provide an effective platform in proper exploitation of soybean germplasm resources for the study of complex traits and discovering important novel traits for crop genetic development.     

SB-900水分仪在棉花上的应用研究初报

2004-2005年,采用SB-900水分仪法和国标法两种方法对63个种子批次的棉花毛子样品的水分含量进行测定,其中SB-900水分仪三个程序中任何一个程序测定毛子样品水分的测定值都高于该样品国标法的测定值。但两种方法的相关性很高,其中以水分仪法的613#程序代码和国标法的相关性最高为0.9559。由此得出回归方程的预测值与国标法水分测定值的吻合率最高达61.9%。     

管花肉苁蓉种子清选机的研制

通过对管花肉苁蓉种子的特性研究,找出适宜的分选原理来满足其清选要求。对几种常规分选(重力选、气筛分选和窝眼盘分选)原理进行分析,发现以上分选原理都不能满足该种子清选的要求,进一步分析试验,研制出适合管花肉苁蓉种子特性的清选机。     

对蜂蜜中主要抗褐变因子的探讨

选用ＡＧ５０Ｗ－Ｘ８阳离子交换树脂，并以批处理的方式，成功地将蜂蜜中的肽类物质与其它组合得到了分离。抗褐变实验结果清楚地表明，蜂蜜中的肽类成分完全没有抑制褐变的活性。这与以前的报道截然不同。     

不同杂交技术对小麦×玉米产生单倍体的影响

首次在小麦与玉米杂交产生小麦单倍体方法中应用改良垂直穗轴剪颖剪药授粉技术和不去雄授粉技术,并与常规去雄授粉技术进行比较。其结果:平均胚产生频率常规去雄授粉技术为29.9％,改良垂直穗轴剪颖剪药授粉技术为21.4％,不去雄授粉技术为17.2％。3种杂交技术之间植株产生频率十分接近,分别是81.0％、81.8％和78.9％。尽管统计分析表明3种杂交技术间胚产生频率存在着显著差异,但是改良垂直剪颖剪药技术工序少,操作简便,速度快,工效高,应是首先推荐使用的技术。4个小麦品种的胚产生频率在18.5％～29.1％间(平均22.6％),存在着显著差异。植株产生频率在74.4％～87.2％之间,平均为80.6％。     

冬小麦种质矮孟牛及其衍生后代1BL/1RS的分子和生化标记鉴定

本研究以小麦骨干亲本矮孟牛及其33个衍生品种(系)为材料,利用低分子量(LMW)麦谷蛋白Glu-B3位点的STS-PCR标记、醇溶蛋白Gli-B1位点的SSR标记和黑麦碱SEC-1b位点的STS-PCR标记进行复合PCR,检测1BL/IRS易位.结果表明,矮孟牛Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ型含有1BL/1RS染色体,矮孟牛Ⅰ和Ⅲ型不含1BL/1RS;在矮孟牛的33个衍生后代中,25个含1BL/1RS,其余8个则不含1BL/1RS.利用A-PAGE技术对上述材料进行了黑麦碱蛋白的检测,结果与复合PCR一致,两种方法相结合能准确的检测1BL/1RS.     

The genetic relationship between popping expansion volume and two yield components in popcorn using unconditional and conditional QTL analysis

Popping expansion volume (PEV) is the most important quality trait in popcorn, while its germplasm is inferior to normal dent/flint corn in yield. In this study, 259 F_2:3 families, developed from the cross between a dent corn inbred Dan232 and a popcorn inbred N04, were evaluated for their PEV, grain weight per plant (GWP) and 100-grain weight (100 GW) in two environments. The genetic relationship between PEV and GWP, and 100 GW on individual gene loci were evaluated using unconditional and conditional QTL mapping methods. In total, five, one and three unconditional QTL were identified for PEV, GWP, and 100 GW, respectively. The positive alleles of all QTL for PEV were from N04, while positive alleles of all QTL for GWP and 100 GW were from Dan232. In conditional mapping, one and two QTL failed to be detected, and all four additional QTL were detected. Nevertheless, three QTL were identified, which controlled PEV independently from GWP/100 GW. They seemed to be potential candidates in popcorn breeding to increase PEV without decreasing GWP/100 GW. The results suggested that for significantly correlated traits, the conditional QTL mapping method could be used to dissect the genetic interrelationship between traits at the level of individual QTL, as well as reveal additional QTL that were undetectable by unconditional mapping.     

水田侧深施肥装置的分析与试验

水稻插秧时,均匀、定位、定量及可靠施肥是保证秧苗均匀吸收肥料、均匀生长的必要因素,侧深施肥技术的应用给出了水稻生产过程中科学合理的施肥方法,以上问题有了明显改善,但水田机械施肥时肥料易受潮粘结堵塞带来了新的难题。为此,设计了一种电动螺旋施肥装置,并对该技术的优越性进行了分析。该装置通过控制器来调节直流电机转速,驱动软轴强制排肥,不但实现了施肥量的无极调节,且传动简单节省了空间,解决了水稻插秧侧深施肥过程中肥料受潮粘结堵塞开沟器的问题,提高了肥料排施作业质量和效果。样机试验表明:该机具有施肥均匀、性能先进及安全可靠等特点。该项新技术及装置技术关键突破后,解决了水稻插秧侧深施肥作业堵塞问题,可为水稻插秧侧深施肥技术的研究提供参考。