Impact of Rice Flour Cold‐Water‐Soluble Fraction Removal on Gelatinization and Pasting Properties

The influence of the cold‐water‐soluble fraction on gelatinization and pasting properties of rice flour was investigated. The cold‐water‐soluble fraction was removed by water extraction under room temperature. The gelatinization properties of untreated and treated flour were analyzed with a differential scanning calorimeter, and pasting profiles were measured with a rapid viscosity analyzer. The removal of the cold‐water‐soluble fraction resulted in the formation of a loosened starch granule structure, a morphological alteration of protein bodies, a markedly lower gelatinization temperature, and a significantly higher pasting enthalpy. The impact on paste viscosity followed different trends. In some cultivars that had lower endogenous amylase activity, the paste viscosity was greatly reduced by the removal of the cold‐water‐soluble fraction. In others, the higher level of endogenous amylase activity led to more soluble saccharides being released through starch hydrolysis. Removing the soluble fraction caused a remarkable increase in peak viscosity. The overall effect on paste viscosity of removing the cold‐water‐soluble fraction was attributed to multiple factors, involving loosening of the starch granule structure, alteration of morphology of protein bodies, and the release of saccharides by endogenous amylase activity.     

Molecular breeding and the impacts of some important genes families on agronomic traits,a review

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Gene identification and evolution and also their impacts on agronomical traits are important variations between related species which are often because of...     

基于曲面耕作半径与MaxENT模型的哈尼梯田区聚落格局优化

乡村聚落格局优化是土地整理的一项重要工作,对缓解区域人地矛盾,解决 "三农"问题,实现区域可持续发展具有重要意义。该文以红河哈尼梯田世界文化遗产所在地元阳县为研究区,采用曲面距离法计算耕作半径,以景观连接度和缓冲区法计算耕地重叠区（耕作强度）,再结合耕作通勤时间计算得到哈尼梯田区的适宜耕作半径。然后依据遗产保护要求与适宜耕作半径识别出聚落格局整理区,引入生态模型MaxENT,以气候、地质地貌及社会经济等4大类的11个因子为数据源模拟得到新增聚落的空间位置,提出聚落格局优化建议。结果表明：1）基于曲面距离和耕作重叠计算得到的全县最适宜耕作半径为1 041 m。2）依据遗产保护和适宜耕作半径分析识别出需要进行聚落格局优化的区域为遗产核心区的新街镇、小新街乡,其余地区为聚落低密度区。3）通过MaxENT模型分析影响聚落分布的因子表明,遗产区为气候因子即降水和气温、小新街乡为气温和旅游中心距离,聚落低密度区则为海拔和岩性。4）MaxENT模型模拟的新增聚落空间位置及格局优化表明,遗产区内潜在适宜聚落区面积为18.42 km2,其中核心区内聚落根据遗产保护条例整体保留,新增人口可外迁至缓冲区（沙拉托乡）内的潜在适宜区;小新街乡内潜在适宜聚落用地面积为9.26 km2,区内聚落就近迁入潜在适宜区;其余聚落低密度区内的潜在适宜居住面积为92.26 km2,在潜在适宜区内选址聚集为2～3个聚落群。该文研究结果可为哈尼梯田基本农田改造、撤村并点、遗产保护规划、聚落空间结构调整提供科学参考。     

路面不平度对车辆制动过程中轮胎动态性能影响的仿真分析

采用作者建立的非线性时变轮胎模型,仿真分析了路面不平度幅值及路面空间频率变化对地面附着性能的影响。得出路面不平度增大时,使路面对车轮的附着能力下降,因而使制动距离增长的结论。同时说明非线性时变轮胎模型能较真实地体现路面不平度的影响,对不平路面上车辆制动性能仿真是一个有效的轮胎力学模型     

知母悬浮培养下的体细胞胚胎发生(简报)

体细胞胚大量产生及高质量体细胞胚诱导是人工种子研制的关键.目前国内外对体细胞胚在液体悬浮培养体系中的诱导与分化已进行了大量的研究,其中在芹菜、防风等植物的悬浮培养中已获得了体细胞胚.     

Genetic selection for enhanced bioavailable levels of iron in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds

The bioavailability of Fe from 24 select genotypes of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds containing a range of concentrations of Fe, myo-inositol pentaphosphate plus phytic acid (IP5+IP6), and tannins was studied using a rat model. Bean accessions, selected from field trials for their variations in Fe, phytate, and tannin seed concentrations, were grown in a greenhouse in nutrient solutions radiolabeled with (59)Fe. Mature seeds were autoclaved and lyophilized. Test meals (containing 1 g of dried bean, 0.5 g of sucrose, and 1 g of basal Fe-deficient diet) were fed to marginally Fe-depleted weanling rats over a 3-h period; rats were radioassayed in a gamma-spectrometer immediately after feeding and daily thereafter for the next 10 d. Radioiron retention data were used to calculate percent Fe absorption (i.e., Fe bioavailability) from the meals. Seed Fe concentrations ranged from 52 to 157 microg g(-)(1) dry weight. There was a tendency to also select for higher Zn concentrations in the beans when selecting for high Fe concentrations. The Fe bioavailability to rats from test meals depended on the genotype and varied from 53% to 76% of the total Fe. Bean genotypes with higher seed Fe concentrations resulted in increased amounts of bioavailable Fe to rats. There was no significant correlation between the Fe concentration in different bean genotypes and Fe bioavailability to rats attributable to variations in IP5+IP6 or tannins, even though these antinutrients varied widely (i.e., from 19.6 to 29.2 micromol of IP5+IP6 g(-)(1) and from 0.35 to 2.65 mg of tannins g(-)(1)) in the test meals. Other unknown seed factors (i.e., antinutrients or promoter substances) may be contributing factors affecting Fe bioavailability from bean seeds.     

Distributions of soil phosphorus in China’s densely populated village landscapes

Purpose  

Village landscapes, which integrate small-scale agriculture with housing, forestry and a host of other land use practices, cover more than 2 × 10⁶ km² across China. Village lands tend to be managed at very fine spatial scales (≤30 m), with managers altering soil fertility and even terrain by terracing, irrigation, fertilizing, and other land use practices. Under these conditions, accumulation of excess phosphorous in soils has become important contributor to eutrophication of surface waters across China’s densely populated village landscapes. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between fine-scale patterns of agricultural management and soil total phosphorus (STP) within China’s village landscapes.     

盐池不同保护及恢复措施对植物多样性的影响

该文以位于我国西北半干旱区的宁夏盐池县为研究对象,研究不同植被保护及恢复措施下植物群落结构及物种多样性。选取4类样地类型:分别为老封育区草地、新封育区草地、退耕地、天然草地。老封育区草地各项植物多样性指数均为4类样地类型中最低,可见,并不是封育年限越长,植被恢复生长效果就越好。退耕地的综合多样性指数及均匀性指数在4类样地类型中均较高,退耕还草是一种非常可取的植被恢复措施。     

灌溉和施氮对河西走廊紫花苜蓿生物量分配与 水分利用效率的影响

确定河西地区紫花苜蓿栽培草地的合理施氮量和灌溉量,对优化当地紫花苜蓿栽培草地生物量分配和提高水分利用效率具有重要意义。本研究利用田间试验研究了不同灌溉量(W1:当地灌溉量的60%;W2:当地灌溉量的80%;W3:当地灌溉量1 920 m3·hm-2)和施氮量[N1:0 kg(N)·hm-2;N2:40 kg(N)·hm-2;N3:80 kg(N)·hm-2;N4:120 kg(N)·hm-2]对2年生紫花苜蓿生物量分配特征及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:灌溉量为W2和W3时均显著增加了紫花苜蓿株高、单株分枝数、地上生物量,及20~40 cm、40~60 cm和0~60 cm土层的根系体积、根系生物量和水分利用效率,且W2和W3的紫花苜蓿株高、单株分枝数和地上生物量差异不明显,说明采用当地灌溉量的80%水量时,紫花苜蓿水分利用效率最高。随着施氮量增加,紫花苜蓿单株分枝数、叶茎比、根系体积、根系生物量、地上和地下生物量比和水分利用效率均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且在施氮量为80 kg(N)·hm-2时最大,说明紫花苜蓿根系发育和水分利用效率对氮的响应均存在剂量效应。在水氮互作条件下,处理W2N2或W2N3中紫花苜蓿株高、单株分枝数、根系体积和0~20 cm、20~40 cm、0~60 cm根系生物量及地上生物量与地下生物量比值和水分利用效率达到最优。结合上述分析得出在灌溉量W2和施氮N3时,紫花苜蓿地上地下生物量比值和水分利用效率达最大值,表明河西走廊紫花苜蓿栽培草地的适宜灌溉量为当地灌溉的80%,施氮量为80 kg·hm-2,此时紫花苜蓿水分利用效率和地上地下生物量比值配置最优。     

Lignin deposition and associated changes in anatomy,enzyme activity,gene expression,and ruminal degradability in stems of tall fescue at different developmental stages

Stem tissues of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were sampled at three elongation stages and three reproductive stages. Anatomical analysis showed the deposition of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) lignin during plant development and the formation of a lignified sclerenchyma ring. A dramatic increase in Klason lignin content was found from elongation stage to reproductive stage. Lignin composition analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that S lignin content and S/G ratio increased with stem development, but contents of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) and G lignins decreased during the same period. S lignin content and S/G ratio also increased from the younger upper internode down to the older basal internode of the stem, but G and H lignin decreased in parallel. Relative O-methyltransferase activities increased during stem development and in parallel with the lignification process of stem. The pattern of enzyme activity during development varied with the choice of substrate, with highest activities seen when substrates were caffeoylaldehyde and 5-hydroxyferulic acid, and lowest activities were seen when caffeic acid and 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol were used as substrates. The expression of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase genes increased during the stem elongation stage and remained at high levels during the reproductive stages. The changes at anatomical, metabolic, and molecular levels during plant development were closely associated with lignification and degradability. This study provides an integrated picture of the molecular and chemical events that accompany changes in lignin deposition and ruminal degradability.