借得整治好东风 夯实基础筑盾牌

龙南县以赣州市对所辖市县区的钨、萤石、稀土等矿产资源开采进行整治为契机,从水保监督执法队伍抓起,转变执法工作观念,使执法人员树立学习意识、以人为本的执法意识、忧患意识、水保执法是维护大局的意识;构筑盾牌,提高执法人员普法宣传能力、协调工作能力、案件的突破能力、水保方案的编制能力;秉公执法,防止了行政不行为、盲目执法、单打独斗、不向上汇报等执法错误,使得水土保持监督执法工作不断取得突破。     

Responses of microbial biomass and respiration of soil to topography,burning, and nitrogen fertilization in a temperate steppe

Temporal dynamics of microbial biomass and respiration of soil and their responses to topography, burning, N fertilization, and their interactions were determined in a temperate steppe in northern China. Soil microbial indices showed strong temporal variability over the growing season. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) were 14.8 and 11.5% greater in the lower than upper slope, respectively. However, the percentage of organic C present as MBC and the percentage of total N present as MBN were 16.9 and 26.2% higher in the upper than lower slope, respectively. Neither microbial respiration (MR) nor metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was affected by topography. Both MBC and MBN were increased by burning, on average, by 29.8 and 14.2% over the growing season, and MR and qCO₂ tended to reduce depending on the sampling date, especially in August. Burning stimulated the percentage of organic C present as MBC and the percentage of total N present as MBN in the upper slope, but did not change these two parameters in the lower slope. No effects of N fertilization on soil microbial indices were observed in the first growing season after the treatment. Further research is needed to study the long-term relationships between changes in soil microbial diversity and activity and plant community in response to burning and N fertilization.     

植被类型对黄土坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

植被类型影响黄土坡地径流、土壤侵蚀和和养分迁移过程。该研究通过野外水流冲刷试验,对比分析了6种植被条件下坡面产流产沙及氮磷流失特征。研究结果表明,大黄花拦蓄径流作用最为明显,而大豆最弱;产沙量随时间的变化会出现峰值特征,其中苜蓿控制土壤侵蚀作用要优于其他植被;径流中硝态氮和水溶性磷的浓度在放水初期随时间迅速衰减,而后趋于稳定,幂函数比指数函数能更好的描述径流中硝态氮和水溶性磷浓度变化过程;泥沙中的硝态氮含量随时间迅速衰减,而有效磷的含量则随着时间逐渐波动减小,二者的最高含量均发生在苜蓿地。养分的富集率与土壤侵蚀量成反比;径流硝态氮流失总量的大小关系为谷子苜蓿柠条玉米大豆大黄花,水溶性磷流失总量的大小关系为谷子玉米柠条大豆大黄花苜蓿,谷子、玉米、柠条、大豆、大黄花各自硝态氮和水溶性磷的流失总量基本相同(P0.05);土壤剖面硝态氮含量随着深度增大呈现出峰值特征,且峰值存在的深度不同,土壤有效磷主要积聚在表层5 cm以上,5 cm以下含量极低。综上可知,野外草本植被在拦截径流、减少土壤侵蚀和控制养分流失方面要优于农田作物,在植被恢复中应广泛采用农地撂荒的方式进行恢复。     

漓江上游猫儿山3种典型植被不同层次土壤的含水量

[目的]揭示漓江上游森林植被对降水产流的调节作用,客观评估漓江上游水资源潜力,为流域水资源管理和森林经营提供科学依据。[方法]以漓江上游猫儿山林区的毛竹林(Phyllostachys pubescens)、荷木林(Schima superba)和杉木林(Cunninghamia lanceolata)3种典型森林植被为研究对象,比较不同层次土壤含水量及其影响因素。[结果](1)由于荷木林冠层结构复杂,与毛竹林和杉木林相比,荷木林蓄水能力更强;毛竹林、荷木林和杉木林3种植被垂直结构明显,导致土壤含水量垂直变化趋势不同;(2)荷木林土壤含水量都在高值变化,而杉木林土壤含水量都在低值变化;各层次土壤含水量与年降雨分配关系密切,随着雨旱两季变化,毛竹林、荷木林和杉木林不同层次土壤水分随降雨变化趋势基本一致;(3)毛竹林土壤孔隙度大于木荷林和杉木林,但毛竹林的浅根性和速生性对表层土壤水含量影响更大。[结论]大气降水是土壤含水量变化的主要因素,土壤含水量是降雨与植被垂直结构及蒸腾作用共同作用的结果。     

基于BP神经网络的橡胶苗叶片磷含量高光谱预测

为验证高光谱技术在橡胶苗叶片磷素营养诊断方面的可行性,该文以砂培橡胶苗为研究对象,利用高光谱仪测得不同磷处理水平下橡胶苗叶片光谱反射率,并应用微分技术求取去噪后光谱反射率一阶和二阶导数,以叶片磷含量和光谱变量相关性分析为基础,选择出叶片磷含量敏感波段,最后以敏感波段为输入变量,结合多重线性回归、偏最小二乘回归和反向传播神经网络模型对叶片磷含量进行预测。结果表明:原始光谱反射率555和722 nm、一阶导数674、710、855、1 091、1 197、1 275、1 718、2 181和2 228 nm以及二阶导数816、890、1 339、1 357和2 201 nm为叶片磷含量敏感波段;反向传播神经网络模型预测精度最高,训练集和验证集中预测值和实测值之间的相关系数r分别为0.964和0.967,均方根误差RMSE分别为0.0139和0.00856,模型性能指数(ratio of performance to deviation,RPD)分别为3.71和3.23,证明高光谱技术可以快速、准确诊断橡胶苗叶片磷含量。     

制动工况下液力偶合器流场湍流模型分析与验证

合理选择湍流模型是获取准确和可靠数值模拟结果的关键。该文采用3种湍流模型(标准k-ε模型、分离涡模型、大涡模拟模型)仿真制动工况下方形腔液力偶合器流场,提取流速场和涡量场。基于粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)技术测量液力偶合器制动工况下流场,将数值模拟结果与PIV试验结果进行对比,以PIV试验测量结果作为评价基准,分析采用3种湍流模型计算流场结果的差异性,完成湍流模型的适用性分析。结果表明,标准k-ε模型仿真结果与PIV试验结果误差较大;采用大涡模拟模型模拟主流区域流场结构分布更加真实,仿真结果能够较好地解释主流区域多尺度涡旋运动规律和能量耗散机理;采用分离涡模型能够更准确地捕捉近壁面和角涡区高梯度流场结构分布。研究结果可为液力偶合器流场精确计算与性能预测提供参考。     

温室水循环太阳能利用系统高效节能控制策略

针对目前温室水循环太阳能利用系统无法在合理时间集热的问题,该研究开发模面装置,基于其表面综合温度提出高效节能控制策略。理论分析表明,日间表面综合温度反映集热器表面可集太阳余热,利用该温度与蓄热水池内水温之间的差值可较准确地判断集热时机;夜间表面综合温度接近于室内气温,利用该温度进行放热控制的方式实质上就是利用室内气温的方式。通过现场试验,测试提出的控制策略下实现的中空板水循环太阳能利用系统的集放热效果,并与现有的基于设定时间点或室内气温的控制方式的能力进行对比。试验结果表明中空板系统在提出的集热控制策略下获得的晴天的集热量（404.1 MJ）与多云天和阴天的集热量（分别为225.9和62.7 MJ）差异明显。而设定时间点控制集热,导致少集热（1.4 h）、无效运行（1.7 h）等问题。基于室内气温方式浪费集热时机：集热初期,太阳辐射较强,系统本可集热（31.8 MJ）,且集热量远大于能耗,集热COP（Coefficient of Performance）达20.2,但因气温低,系统并不运行;集热末期,还出现短期无效运行（多云天为0.7 h;阴天为2.4 h）。该研究提出的集热控制策略能以更低能耗实现更高集热量;放热控制方式也具有一定优势。     

近40年乔戈里峰北坡冰川与气候变化关系研究

以乔戈里峰北坡冰川为研究对象,选取1978年、1991年、2001年、2014年4个时期的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI影像,通过遥感图像计算机辅助分类和目视解译等方法提取了不同时期乔戈里峰北坡的冰川边界,并分析了乔戈里峰北坡冰川1978—2014年的进退变化。结果表明:1978—2014年乔戈里峰北坡冰川面积减小了53.37 km²,占1978年冰川总面积的6.81%,冰川近40 a在气候变暖的背景下反而呈现退缩速率由快变慢的趋势,且近10 a冰川退缩尤为缓慢,年均退缩率仅为0.12%。研究区东向冰川退缩率明显高于西向冰川,冰川退缩率随冰川规模的增大而减小,同时也随海拔高度的上升而减小。冰川变化的原因分析显示:气温升高导致研究区冰川退缩,而降水量的持续增加在一定程度上抑制了冰川的退缩;研究区内12条典型前进冰川对冰川积累区面积贡献较大,使得研究区整体冰川退缩率由快变慢的趋势更为显著。     

Temporal change in soil macropores measured using tension infiltrometer under different land uses and slope positions in subtropical China

Purpose

Soil macropores play a principal role in water infiltration but they are highly variable. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the temporal change in macropores of an Ultisol as affected by land use and slope position and (2) to analyze contribution of macropores to water infiltration.

Materials and methods

Water infiltration was measured at upper and lower slopes in citrus orchard and watermelon field once every 2 months for 1 year using tension infiltrometers at a successive pressure head from ?12, ?6, ?3, to 0 hPa.

Results and discussion

Hydraulic conductivity (K) was significantly affected by land use and slope position except at 0 hPa pressure head, showing a significant temporal variation. Effective macroporosity, derived from the increment of hydraulic conductivity between ?3 and 0 hPa, showed a significant temporal variation. Such temporal variation was land use (P?<?0.05) and slope position (P?<?0.001) dependent. Despite of low proportion in total soil volume (averaged 3.5 cm³ m^?3), the macropores contributed 47 % of water flux on average. The macroporosity was more stable and higher in the citrus orchard (2.43 cm³ m^?3, coefficient of variance (CV)?=?75 %) than in the watermelon field (1.72 cm³ m^?3, CV?=?117 %) and contributed more to infiltration in the citrus orchard (60 %, CV?=?16 %) than in the watermelon field (33 %, CV?=?43 %) as well, because tillage was operated only in the watermelon field.

Conclusions

No-tillage increased water conducting macropores but did not increase hydraulic conductivity irrespective of slope position.

     

Effects of pH and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution on thaumarchaeotal community in agricultural soils

Purpose

Thaumarchaeota is an ecologically relevant archaeal phylum which may significantly contribute to global nitrogen cycling. Thaumarchaeotal abundance, composition, and activity can be changed by soil pH and pollutants such as toxic metals. This study aims to examine the responses of thaumarchaeotal community to soil pH variation and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution which may co-occur in agricultural soils.

Materials and methods

Field soil samples were collected from agricultural land impacted by both acidification and PAH contamination. Thaumarchaeotal abundance and composition were assessed using molecular approaches targeting 16S rRNA or amoA genes and were linked to environmental factors by correlation and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). To evaluate the short-term responses of Thaumarchaeota to PAHs, additional soil microcosms amended with either three selected PAHs were established. Changes in thaumarchaeotal communities during the incubation were monitored.

Results and discussion

A significant correlation between thaumarchaeotal gene abundance and soil pH was observed within field samples, with the I.1a-associated group enriched when pH <5.0. CCA suggests that the community variation was primarily related to soil pH. In contrast, the effects of PAHs were minimal. In soil microcosms, high concentrations of PAHs persisted after the 4-week incubation. Independent of the PAHs added, thaumarchaeotal amoA abundance slightly increased and the compositions were stable at the end of the incubation. This might be associated with the pollutants bioavailability and potential microbe-PAH interactions in the soil.

Conclusions

Soil pH variation strongly shapes the agricultural soil thaumarchaeotal community, whereas PAH effects appear to be marginal even in the presence of high concentrations of pollutants. The complicated interaction between soil matrix, pollutants, and Thaumarchaeota requires further study.