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991.
Luiz Henrique Agra Cavalcante-Silva Carolina Barbosa Brito da Matta Morgana Vital de Ara��jo Jos�� Maria Barbosa-Filho Daysianne Pereira de Lira B��rbara Viviana de Oliveira Santos George Emmanuel C. de Miranda Magna Suzana Alexandre-Moreira 《Marine drugs》2012,10(9):1977-1992
The marine environment is an extraordinary reservoir of bioactive natural products, many of which exhibit chemical and structural features not found in terrestrial natural products. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of a crude methanolic extract of the red alga Bryothamnion triquetrum (BT-MeOH) in murine models. Groups of Swiss mice of both sexes (25–30 g) were used throughout the experiments. The potential antinociceptive of BT-MeOH was evaluated by means of the following tests: acetic acid-induced writhing, hot-plate test and glutamate- and formalin-induced nociception. The anti-inflammatory activity of BT-MeOH was investigated using the zymosan A-induced peritonitis test. The tests were conducted using 100 mg/kg (p.o.) BT-MeOH, 33.3 mg/kg (p.o.) dipyrone, 35.7 mg/kg (p.o.) indomethacin and 5.7 mg/kg (s.c.) morphine. The extract and all standard drugs were administered 40 min before the nociceptive/inflammatory stimulus. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, BT-MeOH and dipyrone inhibited the nociceptive response by 55.9% (22.2 ± 2.0 writhings; p < 0.01) and 80.9% (9.6 ± 2.1 writhings; p < 0.01). In the hot-plate test, BT-MeOH did not increase the latency time of the animals in the time evaluated. In addition, BT-MeOH inhibited glutamate-induced nociception by 50.1%. While BT-MeOH did not inhibit the neurogenic phase in formalin-induced nociception, the inflammatory phase was inhibited by 53.1% (66.8 ± 14.2 s; p < 0.01). Indomethacin inhibited the inflammatory phase by 60.2% (56.8 ± 8.7 s; p < 0.01). In the zymosan-induced peritonitis test, BT-MeOH inhibited 55.6% (6.6 ± 0.2 × 106 leukocytes/mL; p < 0.01) of leukocyte migration, while indomethacin inhibited 78.1% (3.2 ± 0.1 × 106 leukocytes/mL; p < 0.01). Based on the results obtained in this study, we conclude that BT-MeOH has peripheral antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. However, more studies need to be conducted to confirm these properties. 相似文献
992.
Jennifer J Swenson Bruce E Young Stephan Beck Pat Comer Jesús H Córdova Jessica Dyson Dirk Embert Filomeno Encarnación Wanderley Ferreira Irma Franke Dennis Grossman Pilar Hernandez Sebastian K Herzog Carmen Josse Gonzalo Navarro Víctor Pacheco Bruce A Stein Martín Timaná Antonio Tovar Carolina Tovar Julieta Vargas Carlos M Zambrana-Torrelio 《BMC ecology》2012,12(1):1-19
Background
The Andes-Amazon basin of Peru and Bolivia is one of the most data-poor, biologically rich, and rapidly changing areas of the world. Conservation scientists agree that this area hosts extremely high endemism, perhaps the highest in the world, yet we know little about the geographic distributions of these species and ecosystems within country boundaries. To address this need, we have developed conservation data on endemic biodiversity (~800 species of birds, mammals, amphibians, and plants) and terrestrial ecological systems (~90; groups of vegetation communities resulting from the action of ecological processes, substrates, and/or environmental gradients) with which we conduct a fine scale conservation prioritization across the Amazon watershed of Peru and Bolivia. We modelled the geographic distributions of 435 endemic plants and all 347 endemic vertebrate species, from existing museum and herbaria specimens at a regional conservation practitioner's scale (1:250,000-1:1,000,000), based on the best available tools and geographic data. We mapped ecological systems, endemic species concentrations, and irreplaceable areas with respect to national level protected areas.Results
We found that sizes of endemic species distributions ranged widely (< 20 km2 to > 200,000 km2) across the study area. Bird and mammal endemic species richness was greatest within a narrow 2500-3000 m elevation band along the length of the Andes Mountains. Endemic amphibian richness was highest at 1000-1500 m elevation and concentrated in the southern half of the study area. Geographical distribution of plant endemism was highly taxon-dependent. Irreplaceable areas, defined as locations with the highest number of species with narrow ranges, overlapped slightly with areas of high endemism, yet generally exhibited unique patterns across the study area by species group. We found that many endemic species and ecological systems are lacking national-level protection; a third of endemic species have distributions completely outside of national protected areas. Protected areas cover only 20% of areas of high endemism and 20% of irreplaceable areas. Almost 40% of the 91 ecological systems are in serious need of protection (= < 2% of their ranges protected).Conclusions
We identify for the first time, areas of high endemic species concentrations and high irreplaceability that have only been roughly indicated in the past at the continental scale. We conclude that new complementary protected areas are needed to safeguard these endemics and ecosystems. An expansion in protected areas will be challenged by geographically isolated micro-endemics, varied endemic patterns among taxa, increasing deforestation, resource extraction, and changes in climate. Relying on pre-existing collections, publically accessible datasets and tools, this working framework is exportable to other regions plagued by incomplete conservation data. 相似文献993.
994.
995.
Spread of the spotted wing drosophila – Drosophila suzukii (Diptera,Drosophlidae) and new distribution records in Dalmatia region of Croatia 下载免费PDF全文
A specific survey for the detection of Drosophila suzukii Matsmura 1931 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in Dalmatia region of the Republic of Croatia during 2013, confirmed that the pest is present and widespread. Adults were detected in traps suspended in Prunus cerasus L. (sour cherry), Prunus persica L. (peach), Ficus carica L. (fig) and Morus alba L. (mulberry) orchards and individual trees, during the fruit maturation period, in 16 (of the 51 locations) where traps were placed in Dubrova?ko–neretvanska, Splitsko–dalmatinska, ?ibensko–kninska and Zadarska counties. This confirmed the rapid spread of D. suzukii in Croatia and this pest is a great concern for areas that are not yet infested that have favourable conditions for the pests’ development. The results of the survey highlight the importance of the development and implementation of long‐term sustainable control. 相似文献
996.
Slovenia has no history of health problems related to proliferative kidney disease (PKD) either in farmed or in wild fish. However, due to the past molecular evidence for the presence of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae DNA in tissues of some fish from open waters, a survey was conducted on wild salmonids that were primarily sampled for other purposes. In winter 2010–2011, specimens from a total of 244 rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and brown trout, Salmo trutta L., from 30 bodies of fresh water were examined for T. bryosalmonae using a PCR method. The sampled fish showed no clinical signs or gross pathological lesions characteristic of PKD. Nineteen (7.8%) fish from seven (23.3%) fresh waters were positive for T. bryosalmonae. The identity of PCR amplicons was confirmed by sequencing. With one exception, all the positive fish were found in waters from the regions where the average yearly temperatures and the environmental pollution are higher. This preliminary countrywide survey provided the first insight into the situation regarding T. bryosalmonae infection of wild salmonids in Slovenia. 相似文献
997.
Eight aphid species were determined as new records for Serbia as a result of the evaluation of the specimens caught by yellow water traps used for monitoring vector activities in seed potato crops during the 4 years 2007–2010. The invasive aphid species Macrosiphum albifrons Essig 1911; and the new species Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae (Koch 1855), Ctenocallis setosus (Kaltenbach 1846), Myzodium modestum (Hottes 1926), Myzocallis castanicola Baker 1917, Myzocallis occidentalis Remaudiè et Nieto Nafria 1974, Tinocallis platani (Kaltenbach 1843) and Wahlgreniella ossiannilssoni Hille Ris Lambers 1949. M. modestum is very difficult to detect, as it lives hidden in moss. All species are presented with characteristic morphological information of alatae and line drawings. 相似文献
998.
Elisa Javer-Higginson Isabelle Acina-Mambole José Efrain González Caridad Font Gloria González Ana Lidia Echemendía Emmanuelle Muller Pierre-Yves Teycheney 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2014,138(1):157-166
Banana streak viruses (BSV) belong to the genus Badnavirus of the family Caulimoviridae. They cause banana streak disease on banana and plantains worldwide. The recent detection of BSV in Cuba has prompted a nationwide research effort focused on the occurrence, prevalence and diversity of BSV species on dessert type banana on the island. Indexing by multiplex immunocapture-PCR (M-IC-PCR) performed on samples collected throughout the country showed that the overall prevalence of Banana streak OL virus, Banana streak GF virus and Banana streak IM virus is low in Musa acuminata genotypes in Cuba. However, the prevalence of BSV species Mysore (BSMYV) was surprisingly high in samples of cv Yangambi km5 collected from distinct and distant locations. The presence in Cuba of an as yet unreported BSV species was also investigated, showing that Banana steak VN virus is also present in Musa acuminata genotypes. 相似文献
999.
Nemanja?Kuzmanovi?Email author Milan?Ivanovi? An?elka?Proki? Katarina?Ga?i? Nevena?Zlatkovi? Aleksa?Obradovi? 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2014,140(4):757-768
Serious outbreaks of grapevine crown gall disease were observed in major Serbian viticultural regions during the last five years. Tumorigenic Agrobacterium vitis was identified as a causal agent by using conventional bacteriological and molecular tests. The 36 studied strains of A. vitis showed homogeneous biochemical and physiological characteristics, but were heterogeneous in their pathogenic properties, especially on tomato and sunflower. Furthermore, genetic differences related to chromosomal and plasmid DNA were observed. The Ti plasmid of 35 strains was classified as the octopine/cucumopine (O/C) type, whereas one was classified as the vitopine (V) type. The O/C strains were further divided into O/C-1 and O/C-2 groups based on PCR analysis. Moreover, the sequence analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA ITS region provided robust and precise delineation of studied strains. Although a high level of genetic diversity in A. vitis strains from Serbia was revealed by using this approach, their genotypic relatedness with the strains from other countries suggested their common origin. Also, association between the chromosomal and plasmid DNA was determined for some phylogenetic groups and clusters. 相似文献
1000.
Sara Bensadón Deisy Hervert-Hernández Sonia G. Sáyago-Ayerdi Isabel Goñi 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2010,65(3):210-216
Dietary fiber and bioactive compounds are widely used as functional ingredients in processed foods. The market in this field
is competitive and the development of new types of quality ingredients for the food industry is on the rise. Opuntia ficus-indica (cactus pear) produces edible tender stems (cladodes) and fruits with a high nutritional value in terms of minerals, protein,
dietary fiber and phytochemicals; however, around 20% of fresh weight of cladodes and 45% of fresh weight of fruits are by-products.
The objective of this study was therefore to determine the nutritional value of by-products obtained from cladodes and fruits
from two varieties of Opuntia ficus-indica, examining their dietary fiber and natural antioxidant compound contents in order to obtain quality ingredients for functional
foods and increase the added value of these by-products. 相似文献