Transpositional feeding rhythm of loach <Emphasis Type="Italic">Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</Emphasis> from larvae to juveniles and its ontogenesis under artificial rearing conditions

The diel feeding rhythm and ontogenesis during early life stage of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were investigated under experimental conditions (light: L 06:00–18:00, D 18:00–06:00 h). Morphological and behavioral developments of loach from newly hatched to 40 days after hatching were observed. Larvae were able to prey on daphnia 3–4 days after hatching at 23 ± 0.5°C. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity and incidence for day-4 larvae were highest at 10:00 and 16:00 h. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day-12 larvae occurred at 08:00, 12:00, and 18:00 h as did feeding incidence. By day 20, when the larvae metamorphosed, the highest levels of feeding intensity occurred at 06:00, 18:00, and 24:00 h and were concurrent with the highest feeding incidence. After metamorphosis, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages before day 20, feeding intensity for day-30 juveniles peaked at 05:00 and 20:00 h, about 1–2 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The feeding rhythm of loach juveniles at day 40 was almost the same as the day-30 juveniles. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 43.1%, 33.4%, 19.0%, 12.8%, and 5.8% of body weight on days 4, 12, 20, 30, and 40, respectively. Thus, loach was found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre- and post-metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in daytime during the larval planktonic stage before metamorphosis, and intensely nocturnal feeding behavior during the juvenile benthic stage after metamorphosis.     

江西退化红壤人工重建森林土壤微生物碳源代谢功能研究

应用MicroResp方法研究4种重建森林土壤微生物对不同类型碳源的代谢特征,自然恢复地为对照处理。结果表明,不同培养时间(6 h和继续培养18 h)和不同土壤深度(0~10和10~20 cm),土壤微生物对单一碳源的利用能力差异显著。4种重建森林土壤微生物对碳源利用能力有显著差异,表现为:自然恢复地阔叶混交林阔叶纯林针阔混交林针叶纯林。多样性指数和均匀度指数表明4种重建森林土壤微生物群落多样性的变化趋势为:自然恢复地阔叶混交林阔叶纯林针阔混交林针叶纯林,除自然恢复地外,土壤微生物的多样性和均匀度在4种不同重建森林类型之间差异不显著。主成分分析结果表明,所选15种碳源能够阐述4种不同重建森林土壤微生物功能多样性的差异,森林土壤微生物的敏感碳源主要为糖类。     

Fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 enriches the diversity of nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut

Previously, the application of the fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 exhibited notable effect in alleviating soil obstacles caused by continuous cropping of peanut. It was supposed that P. liquidambari B3 could enhance the efficiency of nodulation and nitrogen fixation by enriching the diversity of nodular endophytic bacteria under continous monocropping system. To verify this hypothesis, a pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions. Four treatments were set as follow: discontinuous cropping soil (NS), continuous cropping soil (CK), continuous cropping soil inoculate with actived P. liquidambari B3 (CSB3), and continuous cropping soil inoculate with sterilized P. liquidambari B3 (CSIB3). As a result, a total of 120 isolates were obtained. Our study clearly declared that the addition of fungal endophyte effectively enriched the genetic diversity and the community composition in CSB3. In contrast, a low genetic diversity level and simplex community structure were exhibited in CK and CSIB3. Meanwhile, the positive percentage rate and corresponding community composition of the plant growth-promoting isolates in NS and CSB3 were larger and more abundant than the other. This is the first time to describe the effects of fungal endophytes on the diversity of the nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut.     

权重约束AdaBoost鱼眼识别及改进Hough圆变换瞳孔智能测量

针对传统鱼眼瞳孔直径测量方法耗时、耗力,且数据主观性强的问题,该文提出基于权重约束AdaBoost和改进Hough圆变换的鱼眼瞳孔直径智能测量方法。首先,利用工业相机采集实验板上的鱼图像,从正负鱼眼图像样本中训练出基于权重约束AdaBoost算法的鱼眼分类器;然后,采用该分类器对试验图像进行检测,将检测到的鱼眼局部图从整体图中分离出来;最后,采用改进的Hough圆变换检测出鱼眼的瞳孔,并计算得到瞳孔直径。对100条金鲳鱼进行试验,鱼眼分类精度达97.1%,瞳孔正确检测率达94.2%,相比改进前分别提升了1.7个百分点和10.5个百分点,与人工测量瞳孔直径值的平均偏差为6.5%,比改进前低了5.9个百分点,总的平均测量时间为324.371 ms,比改进前减少了10.707 ms。试验证明:该文提出的方法能够精确、实时、自动地测量出鱼眼瞳孔的直径,有效避免了传统测量方式的复杂性和测量数据的主观性,可为鱼体生长状况评估、良种选育提供重要参考。     

浙江省1:5万大比例尺土壤数据库

以浙江省为例,探讨了省域大比例尺土壤数据库的构建方法,并结合第二次土壤普查资料,建立了浙江省1∶5万大比例尺土壤数据库,包括空间数据库、属性数据库和元数据三部分。自主研发的土壤界线自动识别和半自动识别技术的采用,显著提高了土壤图数字化的精度与效率;土壤数据库标准的制定保证了数据库建设的规范、有序;参考地形图、遥感影像等信息,对土壤图图面错误进行了拓扑学和土壤学修正,解决了原图中存在的土壤界线遗漏、界线不连续、图斑注记缺失等问题,显著提高了土壤图的质量;对县、区土壤普查分类、省普查汇总分类及国家标准分类的归属关系进行了整理,解决了原普查成果存在的"同土异名"和"异土同名"问题。建立的浙江省土壤空间数据库共划分156 581个土壤图斑,搜集整理土壤剖面2 677个,实现了全省土壤图的无缝拼接、空间与属性数据的关联,在一定程度上奠定了浙江省"数字土壤"的基础。此外,对已有研究成果的不足进行了讨论,指出了其改进的方向,期望在完善浙江省大比例尺土壤数据库的同时,也为其他省区的大比例尺土壤数据库构建工作提供参考。     

电解功能水在养殖业的应用展望

电解功能水是稀食盐水或稀盐酸溶液在电场作用下电解出的水溶液,根据电解程度不同可分为酸性电解水和碱性电解水。酸性电解水具有较强的杀菌能力,且杀菌广谱高效、安全、无化学物质残留;碱性电解水具有还原性,可作为活性饮用水。介绍了电解功能水的生成原理、杀菌机理和功能特性以及在养殖业的应用前景,以及对改善畜禽饲养环境、实现健康养殖的重要意义。     

孪井灌区包气带水分运移的数值模拟

为防止盆地低洼处出现盐渍化、节约水资源,用数值模拟和田间中子仪试验相结合的方法,研究了内蒙古孪井灌区包气带的水分运移规律.数学模拟结果与田间实测土壤含水率吻合良好.在此基础上模拟计算出漫灌与喷灌条件下不同灌溉量和不同蒸发量对水分运移的影响以及水分随时间在深度上的分布情况,结果表明1200m/hm2喷灌定额下得农田水分无效消耗最小,从而得出节水高产的喷灌灌溉模式.     

林业制度性因素对商品林发展的影响

以集体林区的林业生产经营为背景、以商品林的经营为研究对象,采用制度性因素和其他因素相互作用下构成的成本效益与风险的分析框架,着重分析了林业制度性因素对林业发展的影响。通过研究认为,制度性因素是经济激励的基础以及保证经营主体获得和实现预期收益的前提条件,但只有在同时突破自然条件、技术条件、市场条件和制度条件的制约后,林业经营主体才能保证获得较好的预期收益以及预期收益得到保障和实现,进而农民及其他社会的力量将投资于林业的建设。     

不同改良剂对铅污染砖红壤的修复效果

在未污染的花岗岩砖红壤中加入重金属Pb，平衡两周后在污染土壤上施用不同水平的钙镁磷肥、牛粪、钙镁磷肥＋牛粪等改良剂，以小白菜作为指示作物，根据小白菜生长动态变化和收获后生物量、Pb吸收量、土壤pH、土壤中有效Pb含量等理化性质的差异，来评价各种改良剂对Pb污染砖红壤的改良效果，以便为海南花岗岩砖红壤Pb污染修复提供理论依据。实验结果表明：各改良剂对Pb污染土壤都有一定的修复效果，不同程度的减轻了小白菜的毒害症状，其中钙镁磷肥与牛粪配施处理效果最好，该处理的小白菜不仅生物量高，而且Pb含量较低；其次是钙镁磷肥处理，而改良效果最差的是牛粪，其植株叶片不仅稍有黄化症状，且Pb含量较高