西藏主要农区农田土壤肥力研究

西藏地质历史比较年轻,因而土壤的形成也较晚。由于喜马拉雅山造山运动和多次的冰期和间冰期的发生,青藏高原不断加速抬升,气候变干变冷。洪积物、坡积物、冰积物、湖积物和冰水沉积物在气候、生物、物理、化学和人类活动的作用下不断演变,在不同的地型部位形成多种类型的土壤,且具有鲜明的高原特色。耕地是土壤资源的精华,它是在自然土壤的基础上,经过长期的人类耕作、灌溉、施肥等措施逐步演化而成的,由于各地气候、成土母质、成土条件、耕作方式、栽培历史等的不同,耕地的类型、质量、肥力状况差异较大[1,2]。西藏全区共有耕地约32万hm2,…     

Soil organic matter dynamics and nitrogen availability in response to site preparation and management during revegetation in tropical Central Queensland,Australia

Purpose  

There is considerable interest in finding a cost-effective method of site preparation that effectively controls weeds during planting and further reduces the need for recurring herbicide applications. In this study, two weed control methods, herbicide and scalping, were examined. Both methods may have implications for soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and nitrogen (N) which could consequently affect plant survival and vegetation establishment. This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of SOM, carbon (C) and N pools under site manipulation practices and the associated early plant survival and growth in tropical Australia.     

基于时间序列影像的中观尺度农作物长势监测采样方法

地面采样调查是遥感应用中一个重要的手段。采样点的空间位置和数量决定了监测点的代表性,并受到监测成本限制。高效和经济地设计采样方案是推进地面采样数据更好地服务于遥感应用的重要问题。该文以遥感在农业方面的应用为切入点,在对现有农作物监测现状研究的基础上,通过对时间序列的遥感影像进行农作物长势分布的分析,运用概率比例规模抽样(PPS)的思想提取采样点。通过对2007的农作物长势分布区进行农情参数监测点采样,并与2009年的农作物长势分布对比,发现采样点达到较好的一致性。基本满足中观尺度农作物长势监测中采样点具有代表性、典型性和稳定性的要求。     

Cloning, characterization, and activity analysis of a flavonol synthase gene FtFLS1 and its association with flavonoid content in tartary buckwheat

Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies indicates that rutin, the main flavonoid in tartary buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum ), may have high value for medicine and health. This paper reports the finding of a flavonol synthase (FLS) gene, cloned and characterized from F. tataricum and designated FtFLS1, that is involved in rutin biosynthesis. The FtFLS1 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the recombinant soluble FtFLS1 protein had a relative molecular mass of 40 kDa. The purified recombinant protein showed, with dihydroquercetin as substrate, total and specific activities of 36.55 × 10(-3) IU and 18.94 × 10(-3) IU/mg, respectively, whereas the total and specific activities were 10.19 × 10(-3) IU and 5.28 × 10(-3) IU/mg, respectively, with dihydrokaempferol. RT-PCR revealed that during F. tataricum florescence there was an organ-specific expression pattern by the FtFLS1 gene, with similar trends in flavonoid content. These observations suggest that FtFLS1 in F. tataricum encodes a functional protein, which might play a key role in rutin biosynthesis.     

Determination of main categories of components in corn steep liquor by near-infrared spectroscopy and partial least-squares regression

Corn steep liquor (CSL) is an important raw material that has a high nutritional value and serves as a nitrogen source. This study aimed to develop a fast, versatile, cheap, and environmentally safe analytical method of quantifying the total acidity (TA) of CSL as well as its contents of dry matter (DM), total sugars (TS), total reducing sugars (TRS), total free amino acids (TFAA), total nitrogen (TN), and total sulfite (TSu). The near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy measurements of 66 samples (22 batches) of CSL were analyzed by partial least-squares regression using several spectral preprocessing methods. Multivariate models developed in the NIR area showed good predictive abilities for DM, TA, TS, TRS, TFAA, TN, and TSu determination. These results confirm the feasibility of the multivariate spectroscopic approach as a replacement for expensive and time-consuming conventional chemical methods. Thus, a convenient and feasible method for the quality control of fermentation raw materials for food additives and fine chemicals, especially in CSL, is established.     

基于Petri网的棉花图像处理系统模块化设计方法

图像处理在农业领域中的应用十分普遍,但要做到对图像实时处理的同时降低用户的使用成本是该领域的难题。该文以棉花图像处理系统为例,提出一种基于图像处理系统模块化设计方法,首先划分图像处理系统功能模块,基于Petri网模型构建顶层控制器;然后将Petri网模型图转换为VHDL语言文件,并在QuartusII环境中进行仿真验证;最后以底层模块中的图像分割模块为例,说明系统的并行性。这种基于Petri网的全局异步的设计方法,可以降低图像处理系统设计与调试的难度和对时序的要求。     

我国农业(种植业)机械化发展的区域不平衡性研究

该文阐述了进行农业机械化发展的地区比较研究的意义。在调查与分析我国各地区农业(主要是种植业)机械化发展情况的基础上,对农业机械化的发展进行了地区比较研究与综合评价。由于各地自然条件、社会经济条件、技术条件不同,我国农业机械化的发展呈现出明显的差异性和层次性,北方农业机械化的总体水平比南方高,西南是全国农业机械化水平最低、难度最大的地区。通过综合评分法和模糊聚类模型的计算,按照农业机械化发展水平,分为4类地区。提出我国农业机械化的发展应按北部、中部、南部来分类指导;实行分区决策、分类实施、重点突破、逐步推进的发展战略。     

我国西部地区水资源环境问题及其可持续对策

提出了水资源环境的概念,并尝试利用水资源环境的观点透视我国西部地区水资源问题的严峻性。结合西部地区水资源环境的实际民政部及如何实现其可持续发展,提出了保护水资源可持续空间,对受损水资源环境进行生态恢复与治理,发展农业节水灌溉等技术措施和实行生态环境可持续优先原则及建立生态补偿机制等政策性对策,以实现西部开发的可持续性。     

模拟条件下土壤硝化作用及硝化微生物对不同水分梯度的响应

以江苏滨海县一植稻土壤为研究对象,在微宇宙培养条件下设置了不同水分处理(最大持水量的30%、60%、90%和淹水2 cm深),研究了硝化作用及硝化微生物对水分变化的响应特征。结果表明:淹水处理显著降低了土壤的氧化还原电位(Eh),但所有处理土壤Eh变化范围为330~500 m V,土壤整体处于氧化态。在每7天向土壤加入10 mg kg-1NH+4-N的连续培养过程中,各个水分处理均观察到明显的NH+4-N降低和NO-3-N累积的现象,60%WHC处理下土壤硝态氮累积最显著和迅速,90%WHC处理次之,随培养时间延长,30%WHC和淹水处理也观察到明显的硝化作用。淹水处理中氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)的数量显著高于非淹水处理,且淹水处理中AOB在DGGE图谱上的条带更加清晰明亮,而氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)的群落组成和数量在不同水分处理间无明显变化。表明该土壤中AOB对水分条件变化响应灵敏,是该土壤的硝化作用、尤其是淹水条件下硝化作用发生的主要原因。     

超高压提取丹参素的研究

该文研究常温下超高压提取丹参素的最优工艺.采用超高压常温提取,正交试验对丹参素超高压提取工艺优化,高效液相色谱法测定丹参素的含量,并与传统的热回流提取法进行比较.结果显示优选的最优工艺为:提取压力300 MPa,溶剂乙醇浓度80%,溶液pH 13,浸泡时间16 h,在此条件下丹参素得率为0.465%.超高压提取不仅得率高、时间短、耗能低,而且提取产物易于分离、纯化,同时超高压提取可以维持在低温下进行,特别适宜于受热不稳定化合物的提取,该技术适合中药有效成分的快速提取.