Pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) after intravenous and intramuscular administration

The pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin was studied after a single dose (7.5 mg/kg) of intravenous or intramuscular administration to crucian carp (Carassius auratus ) reared in freshwater at 25°C. Plasma samples were collected from six fish per sampling point. Orbifloxacin concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with a 0.02 μg/ml limit of detection, then were subjected to noncompartmental analysis. After intravenous injection, initial concentration of 5.83 μg/ml, apparent elimination rate constant (λ_z) of 0.039 hr^?1, apparent elimination half‐life (T_1/2λz) of 17.90 hr, systemic total body clearance (Cl) of 75.47 ml hr^?1 kg^?1, volume of distribution (Vz) of 1,948.76 ml/kg, and volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vss) of 1,863.97 ml/kg were determined, respectively. While after intramuscular administration, the λ_z, T _1/2λz, mean absorption time (MAT ), absorption half‐life (T _1/2ka), and bioavailability were determined as 0.027 hr^?1, 25.69, 10.26, 7.11 hr, and 96.46%, respectively, while the peak concentration was observed as 3.11 ± 0.06 μg/ml at 2.0 hr. It was shown that orbifloxacin was completely but relatively slowly absorbed, extensively distributed, and slowly eliminated in crucian carp, and an orbifloxacin dosage of 10 mg/kg administered intravenously or intramuscularly would be expected to successfully treat crucian carp infected by strains with MIC values ≤0.5 μg/ml.     

Reference gene selection for reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction in chicken hypothalamus under different feeding status

This study was designed to investigate the stability of 10 candidate reference genes, namely ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, HMBS, LBR, POLR2B, RN18S, RPS17, TBP, and YWHAZ for the normalization of gene expression data obtained by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in studies related to feed intake of chicken. Samples were isolated from hypothalamus under three different nutritional status (ad libitum, fasted for 24 hr, fasted for 24 hr then refed for 2 hr). Five different algorithms were applied for the analysis of reference gene stability: BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder, the comparative ΔCt method, and a novel approach using multivariate linear mixed‐effects modelling for stable reference gene selection. TBP and POLR2B were identified as the two most suitable and B2M and RN18S as the two least stable reference genes for normalization. Despite our review, the current literature showing that RN18S is one of the most commonly used reference gene in chicken gene expression studies, its applicability for normalization should be evaluated before each qPCR experiment.     

A note on cloning and analysis of the osteopontin gene with egg quality traits in two Chinese domestic ducks

ABSTRACT

1. Osteopontin (OPN) is a highly phosphorylated acidic glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in eggshell formation. In this study, an 893-bp cDNA sequence of the OPN gene, which encodes 180 amino acids, was obtained.

2. Polymorphisms of the OPN gene were analysed with DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism methods in two Chinese domestic laying ducks (Jingding n = 100, Youxian n = 478, respectively).

3. One polymorphism was identified in exon 7 (NM_ 004676534.1:c.267T>C) of the OPN gene, with three genotypes: TT (both T allels weren’t mutated (wild type)), TC (one T allel was mutated to C (heterozygote genotype)) and CC. (both T allels were mutated to C (homozygote 20 genotype)) Association analysis with egg quality traits in the two Chinese domestic laying ducks showed that the ducks with the CC genotype had significantly greater eggshell strength and eggshell thickness (p < 0.05). Hence, the exon 7 267T>C polymorphism of the OPN gene is a potentially valuable genetic marker for laying duck breeding programmes.     

Effect of supplemental dietary slow‐release urea on growth performance and physiological status of dairy heifers

We examined the effect of supplemental dietary slow‐release urea on the growth performance and physiological status of 16 dairy Holstein heifers (10 months of age, 322 ± 10 kg). The heifers were offered a formulated isocaloric and isonitrogenous 70:30 roughage : concentrate ration and were assigned randomly to one of four levels of slow‐release urea supplementation (0% [U₀], 1% [U₁], 1.5% [U_1.5] and 2% [U₂] dry matter [DM]). The total study lasted 95 days, which included a 20 days adaptation period. Dry matter intake (DMI) of U₂ was lower than the intakes of U₀ and U₁ (p < .05), while average daily gains (ADG) of U₁ and U_1.5 were higher than U₀ and U₂ (p < .05). Rumen volatile fatty acids concentration did not differ among the four treatments, while ammonia nitrogen concentration increased with an increase in urea level (p < .05). Serum blood urea nitrogen concentration was lower in U_1.5 than in U₀ and U₂ while serum free fatty acids concentration in U₂ was higher than in the other three treatments (p < .05). We concluded that the addition of urea at a level of 1.5 to 2.0% DM resulted in a reduction in DMI but the addition of 1.0%–1.5% urea resulted in the highest ADG, with no negative effects on rumen fermentation and health status of the calves.     

燕麦幼苗对低温胁迫的响应

在0、12、36、60 h不同时间梯度下,对7个燕麦(Avena sativa)品种(青引1号、青引2号、青引3号莜麦、青海甜燕麦、青海444、青燕1号和林纳)进行连续低温(5℃)胁迫,比较其抗寒能力。结果表明,与低温胁迫前(0 h)相比,低温处理后(12、36和60 h)7个燕麦品种幼苗叶片丙二醛、脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性均显著增加(P0.05);各燕麦品种幼苗叶片丙二醛、脯氨酸含量和过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性在低温胁迫初期(0-12 h)显著增加(P0.05)并达到最大值;随着低温胁迫时间延长,其含量开始下降。7个燕麦品种抗寒能力依次表现为青引3号莜麦青海甜燕麦青引2号林纳青燕1号青海444青引1号。     

Optimum Dietary Protein Level and Protein‐to‐energy Ratio for Growth of Juvenile Parrot Fish,Oplegnathus fasciatus

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary protein level and protein‐to‐energy (P/E) ratio in juvenile parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Eight experimental diets were formulated with two energy levels and four protein levels for each energy level. Diets containing crude protein (CP) at 35, 40, 45, and 50% had either 12.5 or 14.6 kJ/g of energy. Fish averaging 7.1 ± 0.06 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of the experimental diets for 8 wk. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) of fish fed 45 and 50% CP in the 12.5 kJ/g diet was significantly higher than fish fed the 35% CP diet (P < 0.05). WG of the fish fed 45 and 50% CP in the 14.6 kJ/g diet was significantly higher than fish fed the 35 and 40% CP diets (P < 0.05). Fish fed the 14.6 kJ/g diet had a higher WG compared with fish fed the 12.5 kJ/g diet at all CP levels. Feed efficiency (FE) and specific growth rate (SGR) showed a similar trend to the WG. WG, FE, and SGR improved with increasing dietary protein levels up to 45% and remained constant at 50% CP for both energy levels. However, protein efficiency ratio was negatively related to dietary protein levels. The results suggested that the optimum level of protein and the optimum P/E ratio for juvenile parrot fish should be 45% and 31.1 mg protein/kJ, respectively, in a diet containing 14.6 kJ/g energy.     

光照对月季‘光谱’花青素合成及其CHS和DFR基因表达的影响

探明变色月季花开放过程中花色变化的相关调控机制,可以为月季花色育种提供理论依据。本研究测定了月季‘光谱’在正常光照和遮光条件下的总花青素含量及月季‘光谱’花冠中CHS、DFR基因在两种条件下的差异表达,试图同时从代谢水平以及分子水平上进行探讨变色月季‘光谱’的变色机理。研究结果表明:光照是影响‘光谱’变色的关键环境因素,遮光阻碍了‘光谱’花瓣中花青素的合成,抑制了基因CHS和DFR的表达,导致花冠不着色,证明了花青素是决定月季的花冠由黄色变为红色的主要物质,也证明了基因CHS和DFR在花青素合成过程中的重要作用。     

羰氨缩合尿素的营养价值评价

本研究旨在评价羰氨缩合尿素(carbonyl-amino urea,CAU)对反刍家畜的营养价值.首先用体外法评定CAU的释氨速度,然后以安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的3头藏羊作为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,评定CAU对藏羊瘤胃液pH、氨氮(NH3-N)和微生物蛋白(MCP)以及血清生化指标的影响.体外试验中,CAU饲...     

谈目前黑龙江省森工林区伐区调查设计及作业质量存在的问题及对策

分析了黑龙江省森工林区伐区调查设计及作业质量存在的问题和原因,有针对性地提出了解决对策。     

Effect of False Ragweed （Iva Xanthifolia Nutt） Seed Extracts on Plants

Bioassay method was used to study the biological activity of different polar solvent extracts of False ragweed seed. Specially, water extracts of False ragweed has an effect on plant germination and root length. The study found that False ragweed seed extracts had different degrees of inhibition on many plant seed germinations, and inhibited the germination of cucumber seeds best, the maximum inhibition rate was 79.5%, for cabbage, sorghum and maize seed germination inhibition rate was more than 30%. False ragweed seed extracts also had strong inhibition on cucumber and many other plant root length, and inhibited the root length of cucumber best followed by red beans. The result showed that False ragweed seed extracts contained some materials that could inhibit germination and growth of some plants.