具有法律约束力的欧洲森林协议谈判进程

由于缔结具有法律约束力的森林公约对推动全球森林可持续经营目标的实现具有重要的意义, 联合国森林论坛谈判各方一直在进行着不懈的努力。面对国际森林公约谈判的困难, 欧洲各国开始了具有法律约束力的欧洲森林协议的相关谈判。文中简要总结国际森林问题的发展历程, 概述欧洲森林现状和谈判的背景, 并对具有法律约束力的欧洲森林协议的框架形成过程、政府间谈判委员会的4次谈判过程、2次欧洲森林问题专家组会议及其各方代表观点进行梳理, 指出未来的谈判走向。     

湖南省部分地区棉田牛筋草(Eleusine indica)对高效氟吡甲禾灵的抗药性

为制定棉田恶性杂草牛筋草的防除策略和延缓抗性种群发展,采用整株测定法测定了湖南省部分地区棉田杂草牛筋草(Eleusine indica)对高效氟吡甲禾灵的抗药性水平,并通过测定谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活力研究了牛筋草对高效氟吡甲禾灵的代谢抗性机制。整株法测定结果显示,相对于敏感的鼎城区种群,不同地区牛筋草种群对高效氟吡甲禾灵均产生了不同程度的抗药性,抗药性指数在2.4~18.4。其中汉寿牛筋草种群的抗性水平最高,其次是大通湖、湘阴种群。汉寿抗性牛筋草种群GST活力明显高于鼎城区敏感种群,表明GST对高效氟吡甲禾灵代谢能力的差异是牛筋草对高效氟吡甲禾灵产生抗药性的一个重要原因。     

棉田反枝苋和马齿苋对草甘膦的抗药性

为明确棉田反枝苋和马齿苋对草甘膦的抗性水平,采用培养皿种子法和整株检测法分别测定了7个省18个采样点反枝苋、马齿苋的抗性水平,并采用紫外分光光度计测定采样点反枝苋、马齿苋体内莽草酸含量变化的差异。结果表明:采样点地区的反枝苋和马齿苋对草甘膦存在不同程度的抗药性,2种监测法的抗性趋势基本一致,其中陕西西安采样点的反枝苋和新疆疏勒采样点的马齿苋处于敏感水平,河北曲周采样点的反枝苋抗性倍数最高。植物体内莽草酸积累变化与植物抗性水平相关,抗性较低的植物体内莽草酸积累量普遍高于抗性较高的植物。     

短梗大参扦插繁殖技术研究

建立短梗大参扦插繁殖技术,为其苗木的规模化生产及推广应用提供技术支持。采用常规扦插方法,以短梗大参为试验材料,研究插穗类型、扦插基质、不同种类及浓度的生长调节剂对短梗大参扦插生根的影响。不同插穗类型对短梗大参扦插生根的影响显著(P＜0.05),3年生硬枝的生根效果明显优于1年生嫩枝。不同基质的生根效果差异显著(P＜0.05),其中黄心土和椰糠生根效果较好,河沙、谷壳灰次之,珍珠岩生根效果差。不同植物生长调节剂及浓度对短梗大参扦插生根有明显的影响(P＜0.05),其中以2000 mg/LIBA处理的插穗生根效果最佳,生根率达98.8%,平均根数为93.75,平均根长为4.23 cm,根系效果指数高达409.18,与对照相比,其生根数量和根系效果指数分别提高了3.54倍和4.35倍。不同生长调节剂混合使用不利于短梗大参的扦插生根。短梗大参合适的扦插条件为：扦插基质为黄心土,插穗为3年生硬枝,速蘸2000 mg/L IBA溶液处理。生产上不宜采用生长调节剂混合使用。     

考虑谷物呼吸的仓储粮堆热湿耦合传递研究

粮食作为生物性多孔介质,具有呼吸特性。一般粮食收获后,大部分时间在密闭不通风状态下存储。以粮堆内局部热湿耦合传递过程作为研究对象,分析了不通风状态下的圆筒形粮仓在自然对流条件下由于温度梯度影响而产生近似冬夏季工况的温度分布和水分转移,借助多物理场数值模拟软件(COMSOL)进行数值模拟,将粮食呼吸作用产热、产湿量以热源、湿源项考虑在数学模型中,通过对温度场、水分场的描述指导工程实践。     

抚育间伐对成熟期杉木人工纯林生长量的影响

为解决成熟期的杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata生长受抑制问题, 选择生态疏伐、卫生伐等2种处理对成熟期的杉木人工纯林进行抚育间伐, 运用方差分析的方法, 对60块标准地中杉木生长量的试验数据进行比较分析。结果表明:生态疏伐、卫生伐与对照比较, 树高因子生长影响不显著(P>0.05), 而胸径、单株材积因子生长影响均达到极显著差异(P<0.01), 且生态疏伐的影响较卫生伐影响大。由此可见, 给成熟期的杉木人工纯林以足够的生长空间, 虽然对林分树高因子生长没有影响, 却能有效地促进林木胸径生长, 增加单株材积, 获得更多优质、高产、高效的木材, 提高单位面积的生态效益和经济效益。     

大豆科丰14诱变系主要农艺性状和品质性状变异分析

大豆经过辐照诱变,后代性状会发生一定变异,本试验旨在解析辐照后大豆诱变后代的性状变异规律,为辐射育种的深入研究提供理论支撑;通过对大豆科丰14及其20个辐照诱变系主要农艺性状和品质性状进行测定和分析,结果表明,65%的诱变系生育期延迟7d以上,80%以上的诱变系在株高、主茎节数、茎粗、单株荚数、单荚粒数、百粒重和单株产量等性状上有显著变异,35%的诱变系底荚高度有显著变异,分别有20%、30%和15%的诱变系的蛋白质、脂肪和异黄酮含量变异显著。20个诱变系的农艺性状变异较大,品质性状变异较小;90%诱变系单株产量显著提高,生育期、株高、主茎节数、茎粗、单株荚数和百粒重的增加对产量提高有促进作用,而部分诱变系的单荚粒数和百粒重减少又会在一定程度上制约着产量提高;大部分诱变系蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,脂肪含量呈上升趋势,而异黄酮含量的变异与各性状之间无明显关系。     

Effect of enrofloxacin and emodin on heat-shock proteins’ expression in hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

The aim of the present study was to compare the expression pattern of heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60), 70 (HSP70), and 90 (HSP90) mRNA in hepatic cells of grass carp exposed to enrofloxacin and emodin concentrations. The expression pattern of different genes encoding heat-shock proteins in hepatic cells of grass carp was exposed to graded levels of enrofloxacin (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml) or emodin (0.04, 0.2, 1, 5, and 25 μg/ml) for 24 h and were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR. When cells were exposed to up 50 μg/ml enrofloxacin, both HSP60 and HSP70 mRNA levels firstly were increased and thereafter significantly dropped at high concentrations (P < 0.05), while HSP90 decreased with increasing enrofloxacin concentration. Besides, HSP60 and HSP70 expressions were significantly inhibited in the high-concentration groups. In addition, the HSP90 mRNA levels in the treatment exposed to 100 and 200 μg/ml enrofloxacin were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, when cells were exposed to graded levels of emodin, HSPs (HSP60, 70, and 90) mRNA levels significantly increased in the groups exposed to 5 and 25 μg/ml of emodin. The different expression pattern of HSPs implied that enrofloxacin could inhibit the expression levels of HSPs, while optimal level of emodin could trigger higher expression levels of HSPs in hepatic cell of grass carp to protect against further damage.     

Flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity in fruits of Chinese dwarf cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cerasus humilis</Emphasis>) genotypes

The Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis (Bge.) Sok.) is a small shrub with edible fruits. It is native to northern and western China. This species was included as a medicinal plant in the “Chinese Pharmacopeia” and has emerged as an economically important crop for fresh fruit consumption, processing into juice and wine and nutraceutical products as well. To gain a better understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis and help develop value added products and better cultivars with greater health benefits, we analyzed total flavonoid content (TFC), composition, and radical scavenging activities in fruit extracts of 16 Chinese dwarf cherry genotypes. Fruit peel TFC ranged from 33.5 to 72.8 mg/g RE·FW (RE: rutin equivalent, FW: fresh weight) while fruit flesh TFC ranged from 4.3 to 16.9 mg/g RE·FW. An HPLC analysis revealed that fruit extracts contained 14 flavonoids with considerable variation in their profiles across genotypes. The most abundant flavonoids in most genotypes were proanthocyanidin B1 (PA-B1), proanthocyanidin B2 (PA-B2), phloretin 2′-O-glucoside (PG), and phloretin 2′,4′-O-diglucoside (PDG). Principal component analysis showed that PG, PA-B1, and PA-B2 had large, positive factor loading values in the first principal component for each genotype. Increased scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was apparent in genotypes ‘Nongda 4’, ‘Nongda 3’, ‘Nongda 6’, ‘Wenfenli’, and ’10-32’, suggesting promising applications in the production of nutraceutical products. In summary, our results will aid in breeding, fruit processing, and developing medicinal uses of the Chinese dwarf cherry.     

酸性尿液的泌乳奶牛血/尿临床病理学变化

探讨泌乳奶牛尿液呈酸性时机体血/尿临床病理学的变化。根据尿液p H将实验奶牛分为极酸组15头,偏酸组9头和中性组22头。并对实验奶牛血尿中7项矿物元素、7项炎性因子、9项能量代谢指标的检测和统计分析。结果显示与中性组相比,极酸组血中K、Cu、GLU含量极显著低于中性组(P0.01),血Mg、尿Mg含量显著低于中性组(P0.05),尿Ca含量、血中LPS、BHBA、NEFA含量显著高于中性组(P0.05),尿中P、BUN含量极显著高于中性组(P0.01);与中性组相比,偏酸组尿Ca、尿P、血BHBA、血NEFA含量极显著高于中性组(P0.01),血中Fe、GLU和SAA及尿Cr含量显著低于中性组(P0.05)。结果表明泌乳奶牛尿液呈酸性时表明机体发生酸碱平衡紊乱,可能会伴发能量负平衡、酮病、炎症和矿物质代谢紊乱等病理状态。