A selective survey of potato cyst-nematode pathotypes in Great Britain

One hundred and forty-four samples of potato cyst-nematodes, the majority chosen to contain G. pallida , from England, Wales and Scotland were identified to pathotype. Where G. rostochiensis was present it proved to be pathotype Rol, there being no indication of other pathotypes of this species. Of G. pallida , a minority of samples incorporated pathotype Pa 1; many were pathotype Pa3 but distinction between Pa2 and Pa3 was unsatisfactory in many more. It is concluded that recognition of these latter two pathotypes is of little value. The proposed pathotype New Leake could not be recognized.     

Co-evolution of potato cyst nematodes and their hosts: implications for pathotypes and resistance1

The co-evolutionary process is believed to have resulted, through interaction of wild populations of potato cyst nematodes and their hosts in geological time, in the resistant hosts now utilized in plant breeding programmes and in nematode populations with genes for resistance-breaking or virulence. It is argued that all such interactions between highly adapted, truly parasitic plant nematodes and their hosts are likely to be governed by gene-for-gene interrelationships. Practical implications of this hypothesis are that only pathotypes (resistance-breaking races) defined against identified resistance genes are scientifically sound and of practical value; that, in the case of potato cyst nematodes, other pathotypes (Ro2, Ro3, Ro5 and Pa2 and Pa3) should be abandoned; and that oligogenically based resistance to potato cyst nematodes, especially important in providing resistance to Globodera pallida, is non-durable. Working definitions of the terms ‘pathotype’, ‘host-race’ and ‘virulence’ are provided.     

A Study of the Biomechanical Properties of the Adult Equine Linea Alba: Relationship of Tissue Bite Size and Suture Material to Breaking Strength

The purposes of this study were to mechanically determine the optimal tissue bite size and to evaluate seven suture materials at their largest commercially available size for breaking strength and stiffness using cadaveric adult equine linea alba. Soft tissues were removed from the abdominal fascia of 16 adult horses. Individual test sections were created from the entire linea alba and labeled (1 through 6) starting at the umbilicus and extending craniad. A single biomechanical test was performed on each test section. Tissue bite size (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 mm) significantly altered breaking strength directly in a logarithmic fashion (P < .0001; R²= 0.94). Tissue bite size accounted for 44% and linea alba thickness for 24% of the variability in breaking strength of the equine linea alba. The optimal tissue bite size for adult horses was 15 mm from the edge of the linea alba based on lack of significant gain in breaking strength. There were no differences in breaking strength among horses, horses weight, or left and right test sections. Test sections taken from near or at the umbilicus had greater breaking strength (P < .005) and thicker linea alba (P < .001) when compared with more cranial test sections. Linea alba thickness alone accounted for 34% of the variability in breaking strength associated with test section position. There were no differences in linea alba stiffness among tissue bite sizes. All suture loops failed before complete fascial disruption, and 52 of 56 (93%) suture loops failed at the knot. Suture breaking strength and stiffness were significantly affected by the type of suture material examined (P < .0001). Size 5 polyester had a greater breaking strength and stiffness compared with the other suture materials tested. The next strongest suture materials were size 3 polyglactin 910 and size 2 polyglycolic acid, which were similar in breaking strengths and stiffness. Size 2 nylon was significantly weaker in breaking strength when compared with the other suture materials.     

Ureterocolonlc Anastomosis in Ten Dogs with Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Ureterocolonic anastomosis (UCA) was performed in 10 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder trigone or the urethra, or both. All grossly visible tumor was excised. All of the dogs recovered from anesthesia and surgery and had anal continence with no urine leakage. One dog died of undetermined causes 7 days after surgery. Nine dogs survived 1 to 5 months. The owners of eight of the dogs considered their dog's quality of life to be acceptable. Four dogs were euthanatized because of neurologic disease, three of which also had nausea and vomiting. The neurologic and gastrointestinal signs may have been caused by hyperammonemia, metabolic acidosis, and uremia. Blood ammonia levels were elevated in two dogs with neurologic signs. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis that was reversible with bicarbonate therapy was diagnosed in five dogs. All of the dogs were azotemic because of intestinal recycling of urea. Serum creatinine concentrations increased in four dogs after surgery. Drug-induced renal disease may have developed in two dogs. Pyelonephritis developed in five kidneys, two of which had outflow obstruction and two had bilateral hydroureteronephrosis before the UCA. In this small number of dogs, surgical excision of transitional cell carcinoma was not curative with six dogs having confirmed metastatic lesions at the time of death.     

新疆沙蓬籽中脂肪和蛋白质组分的研究

[目的]探讨新疆沙蓬籽中脂肪和蛋白质的组分。[方法]以新疆产地的沙蓬籽为试材,提取其种仁油脂,并采用气相色谱-质谱法测定脂肪酸的含量及组分;采用微量定氮法和分级提取法测定粗蛋白和分离蛋白,并对蛋白质中的氨基酸组成进行了分析。[结果]沙蓬籽中油脂含量高（13.70%）,其中以不饱和脂肪酸油酸、亚油酸为主要成分,占脂肪酸总量的80%以上;饱和脂肪酸含量较低。沙蓬籽中粗蛋白质含量平均为24.37%,其中以球蛋白和清蛋白为主,占蛋白质总量的80%以上,而谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白、残渣蛋白含量较低。其蛋白质均含18种氨基酸,属完全蛋白质,其中谷氨酸含量最高（18.30%）,精氨酸含量占9.46%,此外还有天冬氨酸（9.27%）、亮氨酸（6.67%）和苯丙氨酸（5.04%）;其次为丝氨酸、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和缬氨酸;胱氨酸、组氨酸和色氨酸含量最少。沙蓬籽中必需氨基酸含量丰富。[结论]为新疆沙蓬资源的综合开发提供了参考。