河北省紫花苜蓿农药残留状况调查与分析

了解河北省紫花苜蓿收获期农药残留状况,有助于指导紫花苜蓿生产上合理用药,保障草产品质量安全。以2019年取自河北省献县、黄骅市、衡水市三地不同茬次收获期的紫花苜蓿鲜草为试验材料,共15个批次的样本,分别采用气相色谱-质谱法、液相色谱-串联质谱法和气相色谱法对种植过程中使用的9种杀虫剂进行了农药残留检测。结果表明:15个批次的紫花苜蓿鲜草样本中,只有1个批次检测到了较高的氧化乐果残留,1个批次检测到了低于GB 2763—2019蔬菜中农药残留限量标准的联苯菊酯残留,其他13个批次均未检测到生产中使用的相应农药品种残留,样品农药残留合格率为93.3%。河北省紫花苜蓿收获期草产品质量总体安全。针对检测结果和相关问题,就如何保障和提高河北省草产品质量提出了建议。     

稻田持续处理规模化养殖场废弃物能力及安全性研究

以猪粪和牛粪为试验材料,采用大田试验测试稻田处理养殖场废弃物（粪便）的能力,并对养殖场废弃物（粪便）产生的污染风险进行分析。本季试验是在持续两季高量施用养殖场废弃物（粪便）的基础上进行的,研究结果表明：施用猪粪时,P4（猪粪处理量60000kg／hm。）处理植株干物质重达到最大值,施用牛粪时,植株干物质重一直在增加,但是继续增加的潜力不大;随着粪便处理量的增加土壤氮磷含量、氮磷残留量会明显增加,环境污染的潜在风险增加;对田面水氮磷含量动态变化研究表明,施肥后7d内是控制氮磷流失的关键时期,应当采取有效措施降低环境污染风险。     

稻鸭共作对水稻产量和品质的影响

通过鸭子在稻田生态位的添加,系统研究了稻鸭共作对水稻产量和品质的影响效应.结果表明:与对照处理相比,稻鸭共作区成穗率、结实率分别提高9.70%和4.64%,经济系数增加5.48%;稻米品质各指标也得到不同程度改善,精米率提高了4.82%,垩白粒率降低了26.17%,直链淀粉含量降低4.03%,胶稠度提高了9.06%,稻米清蛋白和谷蛋白含量分别增加了12.12%和13.35%     

南水北调中线水源区富营养化研究

为了给建立南水北调中线水源区长期生态研究数据信息库及生态工程规划提供科学依据,在丹江口水库建立陶岔(渠首)自动监测点,丹江库心、大石桥(入库上游)和汉江库区丹江口坝前监测点,于2004-03—2006-05对南水北调中线水源区微生物菌群、浮游生物与理化指标进行监测。按水样采集标准方法采样,采用污水生物系统法、营养状态指数法和单因子评价法对中线水源区进行富营养化程度评价。在4个监测点共采集到浮游生物94属202种(含变种),未发现水体重污染指示种。浮游植物8门67属161种(含变种),占浮游生物种的80%,浮游植物污染指示种21属24种(含变种),β-中营养型占浮游植物污染指示种38%;浮游动物27属41种(含变种),占浮游生物种的20%,包括3种浮游动物污染指示种;水源区叶绿素a质量浓度为4.25μg/m3,营养状态指数0.0001;理化检测指标中除总氮(Ⅲ类)外,其他指标均符合Ⅰ类水质标准。中线水源区为寡污型水体,处于中营养状态,符合南水北调调水水质的要求。     

CHA杂种小麦籽粒品质性状的杂种优势

利用化学杂交剂 (CHA)GENESIS配制了 11个小麦杂交种 ,研究了CHA杂交种籽粒品质性状的杂种优势。结果表明 :CHA杂交种在蛋白质含量、湿 (干 )面筋含量方面表现出较强的正向杂种优势和超亲优势 ;而沉淀值和降落值的平均杂种优势和超亲杂种优势较小 ,但通过合理选配亲本 ,利用杂种优势改善小麦的烘烤品质和加工品质仍有可能。     

Mass and local topography measurements of Itokawa by Hayabusa

The ranging instrument aboard the Hayabusa spacecraft measured the surface topography of asteroid 25143 Itokawa and its mass. A typical rough area is similar in roughness to debris located on the interior wall of a large crater on asteroid 433 Eros, which suggests a surface structure on Itokawa similar to crater ejecta on Eros. The mass of Itokawa was estimated as (3.58 +/- 0.18) x 10(10) kilograms, implying a bulk density of (1.95 +/- 0.14) grams per cubic centimeter for a volume of (1.84 +/- 0.09) x 10(7) cubic meters and a bulk porosity of approximately 40%, which is similar to that of angular sands, when assuming an LL (low iron chondritic) meteorite composition. Combined with surface observations, these data indicate that Itokawa is the first subkilometer-sized small asteroid showing a rubble-pile body rather than a solid monolithic asteroid.     

金属热防护系统多层隔热材料的传热分析及参数优化

采用能量平衡方程和离散坐标法近似地建立了金属热防护系统多层隔热材料的一维稳态传热的数学模型，并利用遗传算法和纤维隔热材料的有效导热系数试验数据求解传热反问题，从而得到了模型中的纤维隔热材料的辐射衰减系数、反照率和隔热屏表面辐射发射系数。最后，由实验测得了多层隔热材料的有效导热系数，验证了采用优化参数后，多层隔热材料的传热模型的正确性。     

Mechanisms behind soil N dynamics following cover restoration in degraded land in subtropical China

Purpose

Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for re-vegetation during ecosystem restoration, but the effects of cover restoration on soil N transformations are not fully understood. This study was conducted to investigate N transformations in soils with different cover restoration ages in Eastern China.

Materials and methods

Soil samples were collected from four degraded and subsequently restored lands with restoration ages of 7, 17, 23, and 35 years along with an adjacent control of degraded land. A ¹⁵N tracing technique was used to quantify gross N transformation rates.

Results and discussion

Compared with degraded land, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN) increased by 1.60–3.97 and 2.49–5.36 times in restoration land. Cover restoration increased ammonium and nitrate immobilization, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) by 0.56–0.96, 0.34–2.10, and 0.79–3.45 times, respectively, indicating that restoration was beneficial for N retention. There were positive correlations between SOC content and ammonium and nitrate immobilization and DNRA, indicating that the increase in soil N retention capacity may be ascribed to increasing SOC concentrations. The stimulating effect of SOC on ammonium immobilization was greater than its effect on organic N mineralization, so while SOC and TN increased, inorganic N supply did not increase. Autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification increased with increasing SOC and TN concentrations. Notably, heterotrophic nitrification was an important source of NO₃^??N production, accounting for 47–67% of NO₃^??N production among all restoration ages.

Conclusions

The capacity of N retention was improved by cover restoration, leading to an increase in soil organic carbon and total N over time, but inorganic N supply capacity did not change with cover restoration age.

     

收割机作业速度多目标控制模型的鲁棒优化设计

本文围绕稻麦联合收割机作业速度控制策略问题,以收割机作业质量、作业效率、能效利用率为控制目标,基于模型鲁棒优化理论,建立了基于多目标控制的收割机作业速度控制模型;在分析各控制目标约束条件和满足收获损失率、作业效率和能效系数期望区间的基础上,考虑控制目标对田间作业参数变化的灵敏度,提出一种基于模拟退火算法的控制目标权重因子优化方法。田间试验结果表明,当草谷比变化率为40%,谷物密度变化率为29.9%时,本控制模型可将收获损失率控制在0.42%～0.43%范围内,脱粒滚筒功耗15.12～16.99kW,并能实现收割机复杂工作环境下作业速度的合理控制,进一步验证了控制模型的鲁棒性和可行性。     

上黄试区主要灌木树种蒸腾作用的试验研究

试验于１９９１－１９９４年在固原上黄试区柠条、沙棘、山桃灌木林地进行，通过对３种灌木蒸腾强度和生长期和生长末的日变化，以及这些变化与环境因子的关系的研究，有助于了解不同灌木树种在半干旱条件下对水分的需求，并对大力发展和合理经营灌木林，充分发挥灌木林的多种生态经济效益提供科学依据。