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991.
992.
Yong Zhang Yu Chen Xiaofeng Zhu Ying Xu Yiping Hou Tongchun Gao Mingguo Zhou 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(4):393-401
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, the causal agent of rice leaf streak disease, was found to be sensitive to streptomycin (an aminocyclitol glycoside antibiotic),
by inhibition of protein synthesis resulting from interference with translational proofreading. This study aimed to determine
the molecular resistance mechanism of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola to streptomycin. Seven streptomycin-resistant mutants were obtained by UV induction or streptomycin selection. These mutants
can grow at 100 μg ml−1 of streptomycin while the wild-type strain (RS105) cannot grow at 5 μg ml−1. Sequencing indicated that the rpsL gene encoding ribosomal protein S12 has 375 bp encoding 125 amino acid residues. In all resistant strains, a mutation in
which AAG was substituted for AGG (Lys→Arg) occurred either at codon 43 or 88. Two plasmids, pUFRRS and pUFRRX, were constructed
by ligating the rpsL gene into the cosmid pUFR034. The plasmids pUFRRS and pUFRRX containing the Lys→Arg mutation of the rpsL gene conferred streptomycin resistance to the sensitive wild-type strain by electroporation. Both transformants, RS1 and
RS2, could grow in the medium containing 50 μg ml−1 of streptomycin. A mutation at codon 43 or 88 in rpsL can result in resistance of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola to streptomycin. 相似文献
993.
Danail Takov Danail Doychev Andreas Linde Slavimira Draganova Daniela Pilarska 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(4):343-352
The occurrence and prevalence of bark beetle pathogens in forest stands in Bulgaria were investigated in 944 specimens belonging
to 21 bark beetle species. Protozoa, microsporidia, fungi and nematodes occurred in 19 of all investigated species. The infections
were found in the gut (nematodes, gregarines, microsporidia), gonads (microsporidia) and hemolymph (nematodes) of the infected
insects. Protozoan species (Gregarina typographi, Gregarina spp.) were detected in eight bark beetle species. Morphometric data about G. typographi and Gregarina spp. are presented. The prevalence of the gregarines varied between 1.4% and 64.2%. Microsporidia of the genera Nosema and Chytridiopsis were revealed in three bark beetle species. The prevalence of microsporidia ranged between 1.5% and 11.8%. This is the first report of a microsporidium in Taphrorychus villifrons and of gregarines in T. villifrons, Pityogenes bistridentatus, P. conjunctus, and Orthotomicus erosus. The fungus Beauveria bassiana was found in 3.4% of Hylurgops palliatus specimens. Nematodes (in gut and haemolymph) were revealed in 19 bark beetle species and their prevalence varied between
10% and 98.5%. 相似文献
994.
Mary Elizabeth K. Gnanambal K. C. Ramya Devi P. Hareesh Chandra Edward J. K. Patterson 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(2):121-127
The current study is based on the screening of novel insecticides from new sources that have not being exploited hitherto.
The major objectives of this research work were to extract marine molluscs, Lambis lambis, Trochus radiatus and Chicoreus ramosus, from Tuticorin coastal waters using different solvents to test their insecticidal properties and partially purify the active
components. The ethyl acetate extracts of L. lambis and T. radiatus showed 100% mortality of Sitophilus oryzae, at a concentration of 200 μg ml−1. The LC50 values for ethyl acetate extracts of L. lambis, T. radiatus and C. ramosus were found to be 67.08, 348.86 and 571.42 μg ml−1, respectively. With regard to bacterial metabolites, at a concentration of 200 μg ml−1 the ethyl acetate extract of A3 was able to elicit an activity of 40% and that of strain A1 – 20%. The LC50 values of the bacterial metabolites were also investigated. Upon chromatographic separation of active ethyl acetate extracts
of T. radiatus, the 100% methanol column-purified fraction was found to have an activity of 30% at a concentration of 10 μg against S. oryzae. The purity of the partially pure active compound was observed to be 72.78% on analysis with high pressure thin layer chromatography. 相似文献
995.
In a 2-year field study, the effects of four heating regimes established by varying temperature or duration of heating on
efficiency of on-farm wastes as soil amendments in controlling Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini (Foc) causing wilt on cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), were ascertained. Significant improvement in reduction of Foc propagules was achieved with the increase in duration and amount of heat. In 2000, mild heating under shade (heat level 4),
31.8–65.9% reduction in Foc propagules was estimated in all the amendments at 0–30 cm soil depth, which improved by 75.7–86.5% in the treatment where
Foc-infested soil brought from the laboratory was exposed to direct heat (heat level 3) and amendments and irrigation were applied.
Foc propagules were reduced by 76.6–88.3% when infested soil was exposed continuously to dry heat for 56 days (heat level 2),
improving efficiency of amendments by 0.9–13.5% compared with heat level 3. After 56 days of exposure to dry heat, elevating
the temperature by mulching amended soil with a transparent polyethylene film (50 μm thick) for 20 days (heat level 1) augmented
reduction by 80.2–95.5%. In the second season, combining 0.04% of onion, Verbisina encelioides or mustard oil-cake with mustard residues (0.18%) improved the reduction in Foc propagules at all heat levels even at the lower soil depth. Maximum reduction (94.9–100%) in Foc propagules at heat levels 1 to 3 was achieved when residues of Verbisina were supplemented with those of mustard. These results suggest a new approach to improve the control of Foc by combining prolonged heating with on-farm wastes such as Verbisina residues and one summer irrigation. 相似文献
996.
Charles Adarkwah Daniel Obeng-Ofori Cornel Adler Carmen Büttner Christoph Reichmuth Matthias Schöller 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(3):223-233
The compatibility and protectant potential of Calneem® oil derived from the neem tree Azadirachta indica and two parasitoids, Habrobracon hebetor and Venturia canescens, for the control of the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the tropical warehouse moth Cadra cautella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in stored rice and wheat, were evaluated in the laboratory. Calneem® oil (= neem oil) is a biopesticide produced, registered and marketed in Ghana by AQUA AGRIC Community Projects (AACP/Caldor Ghana Ltd., Tema). It contains 0.3% azadirachtin as its major active ingredient. The oil was emulsified with water using 0.07% soap. Fourth instar moth larvae were held in grain treated with neem oil only, grain treated with one of the parasitoids only, grain treated with a combination of neem and one of the parasitoids, and a control with untreated grain. Neem oil was applied at concentrations from 5,000 to 30,000 ppm. All samples were kept in growth cabinets maintained at 25°C and 65–70% r.h. Adult emergence was recorded after 4 weeks. Parasitoid or neem treatments alone reduced the emergence of C. cephalonica and C. cautella. In general, parasitoid releases were as effective as a combination of neem oil and parasitoids. At the lowest dose, 5,000 ppm, the combination of neem and parasitoid was more effective than the neem alone. The number of adults of H. hebetor and V. canescens that emerged in rice containing either parasitoids alone or in combination with neem oil was similar. This indicates minimal or no adverse effect of neem oil on the two parasitoids. It is thus possible to incorporate neem oil in a well-designed pest management program with parasitoids. 相似文献
997.
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (barnyardgrass) is an annual weed that is native to Asia and found throughout the world. The broad ecological
tolerance and competitive ability of E. crus-galli makes it the most important weed species in rice. Genetic studies of plants are becoming increasingly common because reliable
information is necessary to better understand population dynamics, occurrence of herbicide resistance, and demographic data.
Echinochloa crus-galli populations from 34 different locations in Turkey were compared with respect to morphological differences and genetic variation.
For morphological variation, five seeds of each population were sown in pots and grown in a screenhouse using a randomized
block design. Morphological parameters such as germination speed, flowering time, leaf area, plant height, spikelet length,
above-ground biomass, root dry weight and number of seeds were measured. Distinct differences among populations with respect
to hierarchical cluster analysis were observed. Genetic variations among populations were performed using random amplified
polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The seven RAPD primers amplified 55 bands whose molecular weight varied between 200 and 4000 bp.
The percentage of polymorphic bands was 74.54%. Results showed high morphological and genetic variability among individual
genotypes within geographic locations. Phenotypic and genetic variability among E. crus-galli populations would be influenced by agricultural practices, crop characteristics, geographic location and herbicide pressure.
Differences between weed populations may affect response to chemical or biological control. 相似文献
998.
Entomophaga aulicae (Hoffman in Bail) Batko (Zygomycotina: Entomophthorales) was found to cause epizootics in Spilarctia obliqua (Walker) (Arctiidae: Lepidoptera), a polyphagous pest in Manipur, India. Infected caterpillars climbed to elevated positions
on plants where they hung upside down, attached by their abdominal prolegs. Infection levels reached up to 57%. The conidiophores
are simple, conidia are ovoid to pyriform in shape, and the nuclei stained readily in aceto-orcein. Secondary, tertiary conidia
and resting spores were also observed. No rhizoids and cystidia were found. This is the first report of E. aulicae infecting S. obliqua in Manipur. 相似文献
999.
Manoj Kumar Solanki Nidhi Singh Rajesh Kumar Singh Pratiksha Singh Alok K. Srivastava Sudheer Kumar Prem L. Kashyap Dilip K. Arora 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(5):471-481
Tomato root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a major soilborne disease resulting in significant yield loss. The culture filtrates of six isolates of Trichoderma/Hypocrea species were evaluated for in vitro production of hydrolytic enzymes. Results demonstrated that all the six isolates were able to produce chitinase, β-1, 3 glucanase
and protease in the range of 76–235 μmol GlcNAc min-1 mg-1 protein, 31.90–37.72 nmol glucose min-1 mg-1 proteins and 63.05–86.22 μmol min-1 mg-1 proteins, respectively. Trichoderma/Hypocrea-based formulation(s) were prepared with chitin (1% v:v) and CMC (0.5% w:v) for root rot management in a greenhouse. Root dip
application with bioformulation(s) resulted in a significant reduction of the root rot index. In addition, bioformulations
increased plant growth attributing traits significantly relative to untreated control. Accumulation of total phenols, peroxidase,
polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase increased in chitin-supplemented Trichoderma/Hypocrea formulation-treated plants challenged with R. solani. The results suggest that chitin-fortified bioformulation(s) could be an effective system to control root rot of tomato in
an eco-compatible manner. 相似文献
1000.