祁连山区轮作对燕麦土壤酶活性及微生物数量的影响

【目的】通过燕麦与油菜、箭筈豌豆、青稞、大麦等作物轮作，研究该种植模式对土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量的影响。【方法】在山丹马场连续 3 年种植燕麦的地块上，设 6 个处理，分别种植箭筈豌豆、燕麦+箭筈豌豆、油菜、青稞、大麦、燕麦，研究不同处理下土壤酶活性及微生物数量的变化情况。 【结果】土壤酶活性随土层加深而逐渐下降，轮作较连作显著提高了土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性；燕麦与豆科轮作的土壤酶活性明显高于它与禾本科轮作，其中以燕麦-箭筈豌豆轮作效果最显著，开花期 0~20 cm 土层土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性较连作分别增加了 55. 92%、 20. 36% 和 51. 47%。轮作也显著增加了土壤微生物数量，其中燕麦→箭筈豌豆处理下增幅最大，0~ 10、10~20 和 20~30cm 土层土壤细菌数量较连作分别增加了 23. 34%、16. 51% 和 38. 92%（P＜0. 05）； 真菌数量分别增加了 110%、135. 29% 和 150%；放线菌数量分别增加 112. 65%、107. 41% 和 175. 38%。【结论】燕麦与豆科轮作对土壤酶活性和微生物数量的提高幅度显著大于它与禾本科轮作。 在祁连山区燕麦生产中，燕麦与箭筈豌豆轮作有望修复连作障碍，改善土壤环境。     

燕麦抗倒伏性研究进展

倒伏是影响燕麦产量和品质的重要因素之一，也是目前燕麦育种和生产中亟需解决的突出问题。加强燕麦抗倒伏生理和分子机制的系统研究，对促进燕麦抗倒伏种质创新和丰产高效栽培具有重要意义。基于此，本文对燕麦倒伏方面的研究进行了系统总结，梳理了燕麦倒伏发生的影响因素和抗倒伏性鉴定评价现状，综述了燕麦抗倒伏形态学、生理学及解剖学等方面的研究进展，归纳了植株形态、理化物质、栽培措施等与燕麦倒伏的关系。并针对燕麦茎秆力学性能与内源物质合成，抗倒伏相关性状全基因组关联分析(Genome wide association study, GWAS)分析及数量性状位点(Quantitative trait locus, QTL)定位，功能基因挖掘与分子机制解析等研究进行了展望，旨在为我国燕麦遗传改良和抗倒品种选育提供参考，进而推动燕麦抗逆性研究的发展。     

化学诱变剂EMS和MNU对燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)、N-甲基-N-亚硝基脲(MNU)2种化学诱变剂,分别对3个燕麦品种(爱沃、陇燕4号、贝勒2代)进行不同浓度、不同时间的浸种诱变处理,测定其发芽率、发芽势和相对致死率、幼苗根长、芽长等指标,探究不同化学诱变剂对燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,筛选半致死处理,为燕麦化学诱变育种提供基础数据.结果 表...     

Relationship between lodging resistance of oats and the basal internode stem characteristics and lignin synthesis北大核心CSCD

Lodging is one of the important factors affecting yield and quality in oat crops. This research studied the physiological mechanisms of lodging resistance in oats，with a view to guiding future breeding. Mengyan 1 and Bayan 6 oat were included in this study as lodging-resistant varieties，while Dingyan 2 and Qingyin 2 were included as lodging-susceptible varieties. Data were collected on the morphological characteristics of basal elongation and differences in the contents of acid detergent fiber，neutral detergent fiber，cellulose and lignin and activities of key enzymes，for these oat cultivars with different lodging susceptibilities，so as to investigate the relationship between the lodging resistance of oats and the morphological characteristics and lignin content and synthase activity in the second-phase elongation at the base of stem. It was found that the amount of lodging among resistant cultivars was lighter and the lodging rate was lower than that of cultivars. The lengths of the second internode at the stem base of lodging easy cultivars were 34. 17% higher than those of lodging resistant cultivars. The internode diameter，stem wall thickness，stem weight，density，diameter，force and stem puncture force values of lodging resistant cultivars at the second internode of the stem base were，respectively，29.11%，26. 18%，25.80%，27.97%，34.61%，36.23% and 36. 60% higher than those of lodging-susceptible cultivars. The stem lignin and cellulose contents of cultivars resistant to lodging were significantly （P<0. 05） higher than those of cultivars susceptible to lodging. Lignin content was significantly （P<0. 01） positively correlated with the internode breaking force and puncture strength of the second internode at the stem base （r=0.9862 and r=0.9638，respectively），and significantly negatively correlated with the observed lodging rate（P<0.05，r=−0.9407）. Lignin synthetase tyrosine ammonialyase，phenylalanine aminotransferase，cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and 4-coumaric acid of CoA ligase in stems of lodging-resistant cultivars showed higher activities，resulting in accumulation of lignin at the internodes of the second elongation at the base of stem，which increased the lignification of cell walls and the mechanical strength of stems，and thus enhanced lodging resistance of the oats. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

抑制黄曲霉乳酸菌的筛选与鉴定

黄曲霉是玉米(Zea mays L.)青贮过程的主要污染物之一，本研究旨在从玉米青贮饲料中分离筛选出能够抑制黄曲霉菌生长的乳酸菌，为改善和提高青贮饲料品质提供优良菌种。本试验采用双层平板法，从玉米青贮饲料中筛选抑制黄曲霉的菌株，并对其进行生理生化鉴定及同源性分析，构建系统发育树，明确各菌株的分类地位。结果表明：从青贮发酵不同阶段筛选得到50株乳酸菌，其中有7株乳酸菌对黄曲霉有明显抑制作用(P<0.05),抑菌圈直径均大于3.60 cm,均为革兰氏阳性同型发酵乳酸菌，7株乳酸菌中Q39(49.40%)和Q40(49.60%)抑菌效果最好，抑菌圈直径为4.15 cm和4.17 cm,显著高于其他5株乳酸菌(P<0.05);菌株Q11,Q28,Q40,Q44与22种碳水化合物作用均呈阳性，菌株Q39和Q49与鼠李糖作用呈阴性，与松三糖反应呈弱阳性，菌株Q13相较于其他6株菌株对于碳源的利用情况较弱；经16S rDNA鉴定确定菌株Q39和Q49为植物乳杆菌，Q11,Q13,Q29,Q40,Q44为戊糖乳杆菌。菌株Q39和Q40可作为全株玉米青贮发酵的备选添加菌株。     

Effects of altitude and variety on nutrient levels and epiphytes of oats北大核心CSCD

Oat crops are a major animal feed source in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and nearby areas. Typically，the crops are used for making silage rather than hay because of frequent rain at harvest in autumn. However，there is little data on how the yield，forage quality and levels of epiphytes that may affect silage quality of different oat varieties are affected by altitude. Therefore，four oat varieties（Longyan No. 3，Longyan No. 5，Baiyan No. 2 and Bayou No. 3） were planted in 8 localities forming an altitude gradient： Huangzhong （2295 m），Tianzhu （2797 m），Shandan （2860 m），Hezuo （2957 m），Haiyan （3052 m），Maqu （3474 m），Maqin （3765 m）and Chengduo （4217 m）. Measurements included crop yield and dry matter （DM），water soluble carbohydrate （WSC），crude protein （CP），neutral detergent fiber （NDF）and acid detergent fiber （ADF）contents，and counts of lactic acid bacteria （LAB），molds，yeasts and aerobic bacteria. It was found that there were significant altitude and variety effects on fresh yield，nutritional quality and microbial epiphyte counts. With increase in altitude，fresh yield，WSC，NDF and LAB counts increased（P<0.05），as much as 284. 00%，15. 49%，10.81% and 11.60% increment were observed at Chengduo site than that at Huangzhong，respectively；meanwhile DM，CP and yeast and mold counts were reduced by 15. 67%，36.27%，23.53% and 7.75% at Chengduo compared with Huangzhong site，respectively. Among the four tested varieties，Longyan No. 5 had the highest fresh yield （75605 kg·ha−1），WSC （201.4 g·kg-1 DM） and NDF （604. 2 g·kg-1 DM） at the Chengduo site，followed by Longyan No. 3. The highest CP （119.7 g· kg-1 DM） and mold counts （4.12 lg cfu·g-1 FM） were observed in Baiyan No. 2 at the Huangzhong site. Bayou No. 3 produced the highest LAB and yeast counts at Maqin and Chengduo sites. In general，Longyan No. 3 and Longyan No. 5 gave better performance at sites above 3000 m altitude；for sites below 3000 m，the four tested varieties were all found to be suitable for silage production. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.